In our last lecture, I was talking about language as part of our semiotic system.

上次我们讲到，语是号系统的。

Verbal symbols represent the spoken or written aspects of our message exchange process, and nonverbal symbols, such as smiles, represent another aspect of our message exchange process.

语号代表我们信息交流过程中口头或书面的，而非语号，比如微笑，则代表我们信息交流过程的另。

So a manual alphabet is sort of a subsystem within a sign language that is used to represent a written language.

手语字母是号语中的子系统，而号语用于代表书面语。

Chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans also learn human sign language.

黑、大和红毛也能学会人类的号语。

He must understand symbols and speak in words.

他必须理解号并用语表达。

That philosophy is really about language and signs and vocabulary.

那哲学真的就是关于语、号和词汇的。

And All of a sudden, those ideas and that structure, that language, those symbols, those narratives, those arguments, they escaped the laboratory of academia and were then imposed throughout society via all of the surrounding institutions.

而突然之间，那些想法和结构、那些语、号、叙事和论点，逃离了学术界的象牙塔，然后通过周围的所有机构强加于整个社会。

It's no wonder that in the 1990s computer scientists kind of gave up on so-called symbolic  language processing in favor of a new strategy: statistical language processing.

难怪在 1990 年代计算机科学家放弃了所谓的号语处理，转而采用种新策略：统计语处理。

I think it's a lot more prone to hard and fast rules than the language at large because punctuation started as rules.

我认为标点号比语整体更倾向于严格的规则，因为标点号的起源就是规则。

We’ve talked a lot about the things that make a culture a culture – things like norms and symbols and languages.

我们已经讨论了很多构成文化的东西——比如规范、号和语。

But how do you design a symbol in a way that will last across generations and languages?

但是，您如何设计种能够跨越几代人和各种语的号呢？

To survive in such an environment, a person must become familiar with abstract symbolic languages.

要在这样的环境中生存，个人必须熟悉抽象的号语。

In our last lecture, I was talking about language as part of our semiotic system, and today I am going to move onto another topic.

在我们上堂课中，我谈到了语作为我们号系统的，今天我将转移到另个话题。

For example, while entity-related perceptual features like colors and shapes are more easily and accurately represented within the pictorial system, temporal dynamics and contingencies are better represented within the linguistic semiotic system.

例如，虽然与实体相关的感知特征（如颜色和形状）在图像系统中更容易和准确地表示，但时间动态和偶然性在语号学系统中得到了更好的表示。

In summary, diacritics play an important role in linguistics by providing a way to represent and distinguish different linguistic features and variations in writing and speech.

总之，变音号在语学中发挥着重要作用，它提供了种表示和区书写和语中不同语特征和变化的方法。

Yeah, the whole concept of language and symbols, e-letters, and words, it's just fascinating to me.

嗯，语和号的概念，以及字母和单词，对我来说真的很有趣。

2 More recently, however, this rigid view of the linguistic sign has come under increasing criticism.

然而, 最近, 这种对语号的僵化观点受到了越来越多的批评。