It does make perfect evolutionary sense that we should have the ability to detect or taste glutamate because it is the amino acid which is most common in natural foods.

我们因该能发现或尝出谷氨酸盐因为谷氨酸盐就是未加工的食物中常见的氨基酸。

It does make perfect evolutionary sense that we should have the ability to detect or taste glutamate because it is the minor acid which is the most common in natural foods.

因为谷氨酸盐是在自然食物中很常见的氨基酸，所以我们能够发现并尝出它的味道，从进化的角度看，这是说得通的。

Glutamate plays a key role in our digestion, muscle function, and immune system.

谷氨酸对人体消化和肌肉功能以及免疫系统都至关重要。

They found that mature pyramidal-neuron protrusions generated electrical activity when exposed to glutamate, as expected.

他们发现，正如预期的那样，成熟的锥体元暴露在谷氨酸中时，会产生电活动。

The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is glutamate.

脑部主要的兴奋递质为谷氨酸。

GAD helps make gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which regulates motor neurons in the brain.

谷氨酸脱羧酶有助于制造γ-氨基丁酸（GABA），它调节大脑中的运动元。

Aldolase A is made of 350 amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, but the bit that does the work consists of only three of these: lysine, glutamic acid and tyrosine. The rest of the enzyme is packaging.

醛缩酶A由350种氨基酸组成，这些氨基酸是蛋白质的组成成分，但作用的部分只有三个：赖氨酸、谷氨酸和酪氨酸。剩下的酶是包装的。

In the central nervous system, nicotinic receptors are on pre-synaptic axon terminals of neurons, and when nicotine binds to them, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate, which is why it's considered an acetylcholine agonist.

在中枢系统中，烟碱受体分布于触前元的轴末端，当尼古丁与受体结合后，会触发多巴胺、乙酰胆碱、谷氨酸盐等递质的释放，因此尼古丁被认为是一种乙酰胆碱受体兴奋剂。

Charney was a depression guy; Krystal was interested in schizophrenia. Their curiosity led them to the same place: the glutamate system, what Krystal calls the main information highway of the higher brain.

查尼研究抑郁症，而克里斯托对精分裂症很感兴趣，好奇心把他们引向同一个地方：谷氨酸系统，也就是克里斯托所说的“高阶大脑的主要信息高速公路”。

When glutamate gets in, it forms a hydrogen bond with other compounds near that hinge, and the trap snaps shut, sending the “Mmm, umami” signal to your brain.

当谷氨酸进入时，它会与铰链附近的他化合物形成氢键，然后受体就会关闭，向你的大脑发送“嗯，是鲜味”的信号。

As far back as 1968, researchers found that hydra use neurotransmitters like glutamate to activate neurons and orchestrate eating, which sounds like something an organism with a brain would do.

早在1968年，研究人员就发现水螅会利用谷氨酸等递质来激活元并协调进食，这听来就像有大脑的有机体会做的事情。

A non-conservative substitution means that the new amino acid - valine, which is hydrophobic - has different properties than the one it replaced - glutamic acid, which is hydrophilic.

非保守替换意味着新氨基酸，疏水的缬氨酸，与替代的氨基酸，亲水的谷氨酸，有着不同特。

This happens because albumin has acidic amino acids, like glutamate and aspartate, which have some carboxyl groups that are in the form of COO- or COOH.

这是因为白蛋白含有酸氨基酸，比如谷氨酸与天冬氨酸，它们具有一些以COO-或COOH形式存在的羧基。

But it wasn't until 1908 that the ingredient in kombu which was responsible for the improvement for flavour was actually discovered to be glutamate by scientists working there.

但是直到1908年，科学家才发现海带里面负责提味的成份是谷氨酸盐。

And because glutamate sites become less effective, information flow becomes slow, and only the largest signals can make it through.

由于谷氨酸有效减小，信息流动变缓，因此只有最强的信号可以通过。

When new information enters your brain, neurons start firing using existing stores of another neurotransmitter called glutamate.

当新的信息进入你的大脑时，元就开始利用另一种递质——谷氨酸酯进行激活。

And, if the glutamic acid residues of gla-containing proteins are not carboxylated, calcium cannot be properly bound.

如果含谷氨酸残基蛋白没有被羧化，钙就不能被绑定。

Glutamate binds to NMDA receptors which tell the cell to open up calcium ions channels.

谷氨酸与NMDA受体结合，使细胞钙离子通道打开。

Sodium, which is well-established as an essential part of our diet, and glutamate, a very common amino acid found in numerous plant and animal proteins.

一种是纳，它被公认为我们饮食中不可或缺的一部分，另一种则是谷氨酸，一种非常常见的氨基酸存在于多种动植物蛋白质中。

Nicotine directly increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, but it also increases glutamate levels which gets the ventral tegmentum neurons to release more dopamine onto the nucleus accumbens.

尼古丁可以直接提高伏隔核的多巴胺水平，但同时也提高谷氨酸盐水平，使腹侧被盖区元释放更多的多巴胺至伏隔核。