Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids.

一些基因会通被称为的DNA小环交换。

They also have extra little tiny loops called plasmids.

它们还具有额外的小环，称为。

I did all these experiments actually, with my own hands, I was 58 years old, I was still culturing plasmids and feeding cells, so it is very unlikely.

实际上，所有这些实验都是我亲手做的，当时我 58 岁，我还在培养和喂养胞，所以这是非常不可能的。

However, plasmids often contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium such as resistance to antibiotics.

不通常包菌选择性优势的基因，例如抗生素耐药性。

The cytoplasm contains ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis, the nucleoid which contains the genetic material, and plasmids which contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium.

胞中有核糖体，它们是蛋白合成的部位；拟核有遗传物以及；有菌选择性优势的基因。

Plasmids have relatively few genes and their genetic information is not essential to the bacterium and cells that lack them usually function normally.

所的基因相对较少，并且它们的基因对菌来说并不是必须的，缺少的胞往往也可以正常生长。

Additionally to the genetic material contained within the nucleoid, many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids.

除了包在拟核中的遗传物外，许多菌有额外的DNA分子，称为。

Then they dropped the plasmid into a living bacterium, or yeast.

然后他们将放入活菌或酵母中。

They loaded it with plasmid's DNA, carrying the CRR gene, and placed this gel right into the brain cavity after removing a glial blastoma tumor in mice.

他们将携带CRR基因的DNA装入其中，然后在小鼠切除胶母胞瘤后，将这种凝胶直接植入脑腔。

But this is the first time the plasmid has been found in the United States, and it could get passed around quickly.

但这还是第一次在美国发现这种，它可能会迅速传播开来。

Vectors also incorporate a selectable marker, a gene which allows host cells containing the vector to be selected from amongst those which do not, usually by conferring resistance to a toxin, or enabling their survival under certain growth conditions.

最初的大肠杆菌载体是染色体外的环形，并且相当数量的噬菌体（感染菌的病毒）也被用在大肠杆菌中。

So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.

因此本上，这些是在不同菌物种之间转移抗生素抗性基因的载体。

Soon after, others began using plasmid vectors and adding genes for antibiotic resistance, greatly increasing the reach of the recombinant techniques. [81]

不久之后，其他人开始使用载体并添加抗生素抗性基因，大大增加了重组技术的应用范围[81]。

This one had cell culture and transfections, antibodies, plasmids, recombinant virus production and infection, and so on and so forth.

这个有胞培养和转染、抗体、、重组病毒生产和感染等等。

And the thing that makes this mutation especially troubling is that it was found on a plasmid -- a little piece of DNA that can be easily shared between neighboring bacteria, meaning it can spread more easily.

让这种突变特别令人担忧的是，它出现在一个上——这是一种可以轻易在邻近菌之间共享的小段DNA，这意味着它可以更容易地传播。

Or, in plain english, plasmids are part of the reason that, one day, antibiotics may not be able to help your strep throat anymore.

或者，用简单的英语来说，是有一天抗生素可能无法再帮助您治疗链球菌性咽喉炎的部分原因。

And so a plasmid, remember this would be the chromosomal DNA. This would be the chromosome of the bacteria.

因此，，记住这将是染色体DNA。这将是菌的染色体。

More specialized vectors have been engineered to use aspects of plasmids and bacteriophages, such as the plasmid-bacteriophage h hybrids known as cosmids

和噬菌体已经在很多种类的菌中被使用来表达基因，并且一些噬菌体也许已经被用来将DNA整合到宿主基因组上。

We're just transferring that DNA, that plasmid from one to another.

我们只是将DNA，即，从一个转移到另一个。

This plasmid mutation has been seen in other places before; in China, in animals and some human patients.

这种突变之前在其他地方出现；在中国，出现在一些动物和人类患者身上。