Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids.

一些基因会通过被称质粒的DNA小环交换。

Additionally to the genetic material contained within the nucleoid, many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids.

除了包含在拟核的遗传物质外，许多细菌含有额外的DNA分子，称质粒。

However, plasmids often contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium such as resistance to antibiotics.

不过质粒通常包含赋予细菌选择优势的基因，例如抗生素耐药。

They also have extra little tiny loops called plasmids.

它们还具有额外的小环，称质粒。

Then they dropped the plasmid into a living bacterium, or yeast.

然后他们将质粒放入活细菌或酵。

And that's usually through the transfer of a plasmid.

而这通常通过质粒的转移实现。

The plasmid enters and multiplies itself within a cell and can then be transferred to others.

质粒进入细胞并在细胞内繁殖， 然后可以转移到其他细胞。

So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.

因此本质上，这些质粒是在不同细菌物种之间转移抗生素抗基因的载体。

This plasmid mutation has been seen in other places before; in China, in animals and some human patients.

这种质粒突变之前在其他地方出现过；在国，出现在一些动物和人类患者身上。

And so a plasmid, remember this would be the chromosomal DNA. This would be the chromosome of the bacteria.

因此，质粒，记住这将是染色体DNA。这将是细菌的染色体。

This one has the fertility plasmid.

这个有生育质粒。

It has the fertility plasmid and it can pass that on.

它具有 fertility 质粒，并且可以将其传递下去。

Plasmids have relatively few genes and their genetic information is not essential to the bacterium and cells that lack them usually function normally.

质粒所含的基因相对较少，并且它们的基因对细菌来说并不是必须的，缺少质粒的细胞往往也可以正常生长。

We're just transferring that DNA, that plasmid from one to another.

我们只是将DNA，即质粒，从一个转移到另一个。

Purification of the desired target fragment.

5。将片段与新的质粒载体连接来组建一个新的重组分子。

This one had cell culture and transfections, antibodies, plasmids, recombinant virus production and infection, and so on and so forth.

这个有细胞培养和转染、抗体、质粒、重组病毒生产和感染等等。

But a plasmid is another little bit of auxiliary DNA. In this case we are talking about the fertility plasmid.

但质粒是另一种辅助DNA。在这种情况下，我们谈论的是生育质粒。

Initially, production in bacteria was the only route available and cDNA clones were used as they contained no introns.

cDNA需要与原核生物的转录和翻译信号相连，并且需要插入多拷贝的质粒。

But this is the first time the plasmid has been found in the United States, and it could get passed around quickly.

但这还是第一次在美国发现这种质粒，它可能会迅速传播开来。

Soon after, others began using plasmid vectors and adding genes for antibiotic resistance, greatly increasing the reach of the recombinant techniques. [81]

不久之后，其他人开始使用质粒载体并添加抗生素抗基因，大大增加了重组技术的应用范围[81]。