Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids.

一些基因会通过被称为质DNA环交换。

Additionally to the genetic material contained within the nucleoid, many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids.

除了包含在拟核遗传物质外，许多细菌含有额外DNA分子，称为质。

However, plasmids often contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium such as resistance to antibiotics.

不过质通包含赋予细菌选择性优势基因，例如抗生素耐药性。

Then they dropped the plasmid into a living bacterium, or yeast.

然后他们将质放入活细菌或酵母。

The plasmid enters and multiplies itself within a cell and can then be transferred to others.

质进入细胞并在细胞内繁殖， 然后可转移到其他细胞。

So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.

因此本质上，这些质是在不同细菌物种之间转移抗生素抗性基因载体。

This plasmid mutation has been seen in other places before; in China, in animals and some human patients.

这种质突变前在其他地方也见过；在国，在动物和一些人类患者。

Plasmids have relatively few genes and their genetic information is not essential to the bacterium and cells that lack them usually function normally.

质所含基因相对较少，并且它们基因对细菌来说并不是必须，缺少质细胞往往也可生长。

Purification of the desired target fragment.

5。将片段与新质载体连接来组建一个新重组分子。

This one had cell culture and transfections, antibodies, plasmids, recombinant virus production and infection, and so on and so forth.

这个有细胞培养和转染、抗体、质、重组病毒生产和感染等等。

Initially, production in bacteria was the only route available and cDNA clones were used as they contained no introns.

cDNA需要与原核生物转录和翻译信号相连，并且需要插入多拷贝质。

Soon after, others began using plasmid vectors and adding genes for antibiotic resistance, greatly increasing the reach of the recombinant techniques. [81]

不久之后，其他人开始使用质载体并添加抗生素抗性基因，大大增加了重组技术应用范围[81]。

But this is the first time the plasmid has been found in the United States, and it could get passed around quickly.

但这是第一次在美国发现这种质，它可能会很快传播开来。

More specialized vectors have been engineered to use aspects of plasmids and bacteriophages, such as the plasmid-bacteriophage h hybrids known as cosmids

质和噬菌体已经在很多种类细菌被使用来表达基因，并且一些噬菌体也许已经被用来将DNA整合到宿主基因组上。

Phage h can be used to clone fragments larger than plasmid vectors, and phage M13 allows cloned DNA to be isolated in single-stranded form.

更多载体被改造能同时拥有质和噬菌体一些特性，像被称为粘质-噬菌体λ杂交体。

Or, in plain english, plasmids are part of the reason that, one day, antibiotics may not be able to help your strep throat anymore.

或者，用简单英语来说，质是有一天抗生素可能无法再帮助您治疗链球菌性咽喉炎部分原因。

I did all these experiments actually, with my own hands, I was 58 years old, I was still culturing plasmids and feeding cells, so it is very unlikely.

实际上，所有这些实验都是我亲手做，当时我 58 岁，我还在培养质和喂养细胞，所这是非不可能。

The cytoplasm contains ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis, the nucleoid which contains the genetic material, and plasmids which contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium.

细胞质含有核糖体，它们是蛋白质合成部位；拟核含有遗传物质及质；质含有赋予细菌选择性优势基因。

But also, a much more terrifying explanation has to do with plasmids, which are parts of the bacterial DNA. The plasmid enters and multiplies itself within a cell and can then be transferred to others.

而且，一个更可怕解释与质有关，质是细菌 DNA 一部分。 质进入细胞并在细胞内自我繁殖， 然后可转移到其他细胞。

This might be used to investigate a short region of a large cloned fragment in more detail, or to transfer a gene to a vector designed to express it in a particular species, for example.

大肠杆菌质载体为例（最见），这个过程可分为下步骤。