Here, patients have a genetic mutation that leads to a deficiency in an enzyme called isovaleric co-enzyme A dehydrogenase.

由于患者基因突变会导致缺乏一种酶，被称为——异戊酸辅酶A脱氢酶。

Not all of this is gonna get burned off, so a little bit may be left over as citrate.

是所有的乙酰辅酶 A 都会被烧掉，有一些剩下了的，会变成柠檬酸盐。

SIRT1 depends on a molecule called NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and NAD, in turn, depends on the substance called NMN.

SIRT1的合成取决于一种叫NAD（辅酶）的分子，而NAD的合成则取决于一种叫NMN的物质。

My next serum thing, so that one oil, it's called CoQ10.

我的下一个血清产品，就是一种油，它叫做辅酶 Q10。

So cofactor means used coenzyme, used but not consumed, recycled, that's 99% of it.

因此，辅因子指的是被使用的辅酶，使用但消耗，可循环利用，这部分占了99%。

NAD, short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a coenzyme that occurs naturally in human cells.

NAD， 即烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的缩写，是一种天然存在于人体细胞中的辅酶。

Coenzyme Q10 is gonna support all of the complexes.

辅酶Q10将支持所有复合体。

And then we're going to have coenzymes and those are going to be organic.

然后我们会谈到辅酶，它们是有机的。

Muscle pain, myalgia, muscle soreness, it can deplete CoQ10. Is occasional use of these things okay?

肌肉疼痛、肌痛、肌肉酸痛，这些都可能导致辅酶Q10的消耗。偶尔使用这些东西可以吗？

It's also high in CoQ10, which is good for muscle health.

它还富含辅酶Q10，有利于肌肉健康。

An example of a coenzyme would be thiamine.

辅酶的一个例子是硫胺素。

And so they use nutrients like amino acids or CoQ10 or other compounds that actually help improve brain function.

因此，他们利用氨基酸、辅酶Q10或其他化合物等营养素，这些物质实际上有助于提升脑部功能。

Those that are called cofactors and those that are called coenzymes.

那些被称为辅因子的，以及那些被称为辅酶的。

So that's like coenzyme Q10 and let's say vitamin B2, because it helps with the assembly of the complexes.

所以这就像辅酶Q10， 还有比如维生素B2，因为它有助于复合物的组装。

Some, like many of the B Complex vitamins, make up coenzymes, whose job it is to help enzymes release the energy from food.

有些维他命，比如B族，能生成辅酶，它帮助酶从食物中释放出能量。

And so the two types are cofactors, coenzymes.

因此，这两类分别是辅因子、辅酶。

So these are like compounds and it may be even like coenzyme Q10 and a little bit of creatine monohydrate.

这些就像复合物，可能是辅酶Q10，还有一点肌酸单水合物。

Then the pyruvate can't be converted into acetyl coenzyme A. So it's not entering into the TCA cycle.

然后丙酮酸就能转化为乙酰辅酶A。所以它会进入三羧酸循环。

So the excess of Acyl-CoA, the ethanol, and the ROS species activate an enzyme called JNK1 which is the bridge between metabolism and inflammation.

这些多余的酰基辅酶 A，乙醇和活性氧 ROS 会激活一个叫 JNK1 的酶，它是新陈代谢和炎症之间的桥梁。

But basically what happens is once we have the cofactors and the coenzymes now we have an enzyme that can actually function.

但基本上就是，一旦我们有了辅因子和辅酶，我们现在就拥有了一个能够正常工作的酶。