And pyruvate dehydrogenase is the connection between those two.

丙酮酸脱气酶是连系两者的纽带。

It comes in, gets metabolized down to pyruvate and enters the mitochondria.

它进入人体，被新陈代谢成丙酮酸，然后进入线粒体。

What doesn't go to glycogen gets metabolized down to pyruvate.

没去变成糖原的部分，会被代谢成丙酮酸。

The pyruvate goes through the TCA cycle, produces a bunch of citrate, and that gets converted down to VLDL.

丙酮酸经过三羧酸循环，产一堆柠檬酸盐，并且被转换成 VLDL。

So the mechanism of action was primarily by stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase.

，作用机制主要是通过刺激丙酮酸脱氢酶。

So what do we start with, glucose and we break that down into pyruvate.

我们从葡萄糖开始，将分解为丙酮酸。

Vitamin C, for example, can be taken from citrus roots, but is synthesised more cheaply from keto acid.

例， 素C可以从柑橘类植物的根部提取，但通过酮酸合成则更为经济实惠。

Like that immediately gonna give you an idea, okay, is my pyruvate dehydrogenase, is my electron transfer chain?

就像这样立刻给你一个想法，好吗， 我的丙酮酸脱氢酶，我的电子传递链？

So it's going to recycle NADH back to NAD by converting the pyruvate into lactate.

所以它会通过将丙酮酸转化为乳酸，把烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸还原酶（NADH）回收成烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD）。

So this is where you can check the pyruvate to lactate.

所以这里你可以检查丙酮酸到乳酸的转化。

If lactate is high, pyruvate is low, you likely have insufficient NAD to NADH.

果乳酸水平高而丙酮酸水平低，很可能是为烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD）转化为还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）不足。

Anandasankar Ray says a product based on Ethyl pyruvate may cost less to manufacture than DEET, the most effective chemical treatment now in use.

Anandasankar Ray说基于丙酮酸乙酯的一种产品的制造成本可能低于避蚊胺（DEET），后者是目前最有效的化学方法。

So when glucose has been broken down into pyruvate via glycolysis in the cytosol, it consumes NAD to create NADH.

所以当葡萄糖在细胞质中通过糖酵解分解成丙酮酸时，会消耗烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸来成还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸。

And then this would be pyruvate and we're making ATP and we're making NADH down here as well.

然后这里会产丙酮酸，同时我们在这里也制造了三磷酸腺苷（ATP）和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）。

How is your body converting that pyruvate into lactate?

你的身体是何将丙酮酸转化为乳酸的？

So to start glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, you have to actually add a little bit of ATP.

， 要启动糖酵解过程， 即将葡萄糖分解为丙酮酸，实际上需要先加入少量三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。

And so there's a series of intermediates or steps that we must go through just to make that pyruvate.

，我们需要经历一系列中间产物或步骤，才能成丙酮酸。

So, DCA is a drug that stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase.

所以，DCA是一种刺激丙酮酸脱氢酶的药物。

So the kinase enzymes inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase from working.

所以激酶酶会抑制丙酮酸脱氢酶的活性。

In general though, that's the only sweet thing about this illness, which also causes nausea, vomiting, and if severe, mental status changes and acute cerebral edema.

恐怕也是该病唯一的“甜头”了，酮酸还会造成头晕、呕吐，严重的话，会造成精神状态改变与急性脑水肿。