Cellular respiration occurs in three simultaneous phases, where glucose is broken down by glycolysis and other catabolic reactions; and then turned into pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA; and finally ushered into the Kreb's cycle.

细胞呼吸发在三个同时的阶段，其中葡萄糖被糖酵解和其他分解代谢反应分解；然后转化为酸和乙酰辅酶 A；最后进入克雷布循环。

Individuals will also have a high anion gap, which reflects a large difference in the unmeasured negative and positive ions in the serum, largely due to this build up of ketoacids.

患者也会有阴离子间隙偏高，指的是血浆中未测定的阴阳离子浓度差值高，主要原因是酸的积累。

Anandasankar Ray says a product based on Ethyl pyruvate may cost less to manufacture than DEET, the most effective chemical treatment now in use.

Anandasankar Ray说基于酸乙酯的一种产品的制造成本可能低于避蚊胺（DEET），后者是目前最有效的化学法。

The pyruvate goes through the TCA cycle, produces a bunch of citrate, and that gets converted down to VLDL.

酸经过三羧酸循环，产一堆柠檬酸盐，并且被转换成 VLDL。

And pyruvate dehydrogenase is the connection between those two.

酸脱气酶是连系两者的纽带。

After that happens, the liver turns the fatty acids into ketone bodies, like acetoacetic acid and beta hydroxybutyric acid; acetoacetic acid is a ketoacid because it has a ketone group and a carboxylic acid group.

此后，肝把脂肪酸转化成体，比如乙酰乙酸、β-羟基丁酸；乙酰乙酸是一种酸，因为它有基团和羧酸基团。

What doesn't go to glycogen gets metabolized down to pyruvate.

没去变成糖原的部分，会被代谢成酸。

Beta hydroxybutyric acid on the other hand, even though it's still one of the ketone bodies, isn't technically a ketoacid since its ketone group has been reduced to a hydroxyl group.

而β-羟基丁酸虽说也是体，但却不是酸，因为它的基团被还原成了羟基。

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria, Mitochondria is like the coal furnace of your cell because it converts the Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA, then burns that in the TCA cycle to produce a bunch of energy in the form of ATP.

酸进入线粒体，线粒体就像是你的细胞的锅炉，它把酸转换成乙酰辅酶 A，然后在三梭循环中把它烧掉，以 ATP 的形式来产一些能量。

In general though, that's the only sweet thing about this illness, which also causes nausea, vomiting, and if severe, mental status changes and acute cerebral edema.

恐怕也是该病唯一的“甜头”了，酸还会造成头晕、呕吐，严重的话，会造成精神状态改变与急性脑水肿。

It comes in, gets metabolized down to pyruvate and enters the mitochondria.

它进入人体，被新陈代谢成酸，然后进入线粒体。

We convert glucose to pyruvate through the process of glycolysis, and then we convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, which then gets burned, gets oxidized for energy, to produce energy through the krebs cycle.

通过糖酵解过程将葡萄糖转化为内酸盐，人体接着将酸盐转换成乙酷辅酶 A，后者紧接着被氧化，最后再通过克氏循环转换成能量。

How is your body converting that pyruvate into lactate?

你的身体是如何将酸转化为乳酸的？

There's an interesting table here about hard steps, abiogenesis, glucose fermentation to pyruvic acid, all kinds of steps, all the way to homosapiens, animal intelligence, land ecosystems, endoskeletons, eye precursor, so formation of the eye, complex multicellularity.

这里有一个有趣的表格，讲述了从硬步骤、命起源、葡萄糖发酵成酸， 各种各样的步骤，一直到智人、动物智力、陆地态系统、内骨骼、眼睛的前体，也就是眼睛的形成， 以及复杂多细胞物的形成。

And in the Kreb's Cycle we're going to take that carbon which is in pyruvate and we're going to release that as carbon dioxide.

在克雷布斯循环中，我们将从酸中提取碳，并将其释放为二氧化碳。

Vitamin C, for example, can be taken from citrus roots, but is synthesised more cheaply from keto acid.

例如， 维素C可以从柑橘类植物的根部提取，但通过酸合成则更为经济实惠。

So the mechanism of action was primarily by stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase.

因此，其作用机制主要是通过刺激酸脱氢酶。

So we're storing the energy that was found in the pyruvate in NADH and FADH2 so we can finally use that in the electron transport chain.

因此，我们将原本存在于酸中的能量储存在NADH和FADH2中，以便最终能在电子传递链中利用这些能量。

So the kinase enzymes inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase from working.

所以激酶酶会抑制酸脱氢酶的活性。

But eventually what you do is you break it into two molecules of pyruvate and you release more ATP and then a little bit of NADH.

但最终，你会将其分解成两个酸分子，并释放出更多的三磷酸腺苷（ATP），同时产少量的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）。