Now, the portal venous system comprises of the portal vein and its tributaries, namely the Splenic and Mesenteric veins.

静脉系统由静脉和其支流组成，包括脾静脉和肠系膜静脉。

But in some situations, an obstruction may prevent blood flow from the portal vein towards the inferior vena cava.

但有时从静脉流到下腔静脉的血流会受阻。

In fact, portal hypertension is the most common cause of esophageal varices.

其实静脉压症是食管静脉常见的原因。

Portal hypertension can also cause blood to back up into the spleen causing congestive splenomegaly, meaning the enlarged spleen.

静脉压症还能导致血液向脾脏回流，造成充血性脾肿大，即扩大的脾。

Another consequence of portal hypertension is that the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels release more nitric oxide.

静脉压症的另一种后果是血管内皮细胞会释放更多的一氧化氮。

Beta-blockers like propranolol can decrease portal venous pressure and prevent complications.

诸如心得安之类的β受体阻滞剂可以静脉压力，并预防并发症。

Now causes of portal hypertension can be classified as pre-hepatic, intra-hepatic or post-hepatic, depending on where the obstruction is.

而静脉压症的原因可以被分为肝前型、肝内型和肝后性，这取决于阻塞的部位。

The round ligament stay shut because pressures in the portal venous system and the systemic venous system are the same under 12 mmHg.

圆韧带保持关闭状态，这是因为静脉系统里的血压和体静脉系统的血压都同样是于12mmHg的。

The most common pre-hepatic cause is portal vein obstruction, like when there's a thrombus occluding the portal vein and blocking blood flow.

常见的肝前型病因是静脉阻塞，例如当有栓子阻塞静脉血流时。

When this happens, venous blood accumulates in the hepatic portal system, causing pressure to rise above 12 mmHg, which defines portal hypertension.

当这种情况发生时，静脉血会在肝脉系统里蓄积，导致压力上升到12mHg以上，这就是静脉压症的定义。

The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis.

静脉压症的常见原因是肝硬化。

With TIPS, a tube is inserted via a catheter to allow communication between the portal vein and hepatic vein.

使用TIPS时，可通过小导管插入大导管，以实现静脉和肝静脉之间的连通。

This happens when there's an obstruction in the passage of blood from the portal vein towards the vena cava.

当血液从静脉流向腔静脉的通道阻塞时，就会发生这种情况。

Protein C or protein S deficiency is also sometimes suspected when a venous thromboembolism develops in an unusual site like the portal, mesenteric, or cerebral veins.

当静脉血栓栓塞出现在不常见的部位时，也要怀疑蛋白C或蛋白S缺乏症，比如静脉、肠系膜静脉或脑部静脉。

All right, as a quick recap, portal hypertension is when the pressure in the hepatic portal system is greater than 12 mmHg.

得！快速回顾一下：静脉压症是指肝系统压力大于12mmHg。

Portal hypertension leads to the formation of Portosystemic shunts, which is when blood is diverted away from the portal venous system and backs up into the systemic veins.

静脉压症可导致脉-体静脉系统分流的形成，即血液从静脉系统转向分流，回到了体静脉系统。

This happens because blood flow follows the path of least resistance and shunts away from the portal system and towards the systemic system of circulation.

血流循着阻力小的方向进行，因为静脉压，所以会绕过静脉系统分流至体循环系统。

The features of portal hypertension can be remembered as ABCDE, where A stands for Ascites, B for Bleeding, C for Caput Medusae, D for Diminished liver function, and E for Enlarged spleen.

静脉压症的特点可以用ABCDE来记：A指的是腹水，B是流血，C是海蛇头，D指肝功能下，E指脾脏肿大。

Higher portal vein pressure means that fluid in blood vessels is more likely to get pushed into tissues and across tissues into large open spaces like the peritoneal cavity.

较的静脉压力意味着血管中的液体更容易穿透血管壁，被挤压进入组织，更有甚者穿过组织，进入更大的开放空间，如腹膜腔。

The fibrotic tissue, pressure buildup, and diversion of blood from the hepatic circulation essentially reduces the number of functional sinusoidal veins, and the number of functional portal triads in general.

纤维组织形成、静脉压和肝循环血液分流，终导致了可用的血窦静脉数量的减少，以及整体上可用的脉三联管数量减少。