Transmission of V. cholerae typically occurs through a fecal to oral route.

霍乱弧菌的传播通常为粪口途径。

V. cholerae O1 has caused all recent outbreaks.

正是O1型霍乱弧菌引起了最近的所有暴发。

There are many serogroups of V. cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – cause outbreaks.

霍乱弧菌有许多血清型，但只有O1和O139两种血清型会引起霍乱暴发。

So, to recap: Cholera is a contagious, severe gastroenteritis caused by the gram-negative Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

得！快速回顾一下：霍乱是一种由革兰氏阴性霍乱弧菌引起的具有传染性的、严重的胃肠炎。

V. cholerae is a gram-negative, curved bacteria which looks like little red or pink comma-shapes on a gram stain.

霍乱弧菌是革兰氏阴性弯曲细菌，革兰氏染色上看起来像浅色或粉色的逗号。

There, V. cholerae can begin to multiply and produce toxins.

此时，霍乱弧菌得以开始繁殖并产生毒素。

Vibrio cholerae shower these toxins at the  cells lining your gut, making them sick.

霍乱弧菌向你肠道内壁的细胞释放这些毒素，使它们生病。

Diagnosis is typically made by a stool sample growing V. cholerae on a thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar.

诊断通常是通过硫代硫酸盐、柠檬酸盐、胆盐、蔗糖琼脂上培养霍乱弧菌的粪便样本。

This strain of Vibrio cholerae is now a dangerous  enemy of humanity thanks to this virus.

这种霍乱弧菌菌已成为人类的危险敌人，归功于这种病毒。

It was not until 1884 that Robert Koch identified the comma-shaped bacillus Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera.

直到1884年，罗伯特·科赫才识别出引起霍乱的逗号形杆菌——霍乱弧菌。

It's caused by a bacteria, Vibrio cholerae and it's been around for thousands and thousands of years.

它是由霍乱弧菌这种细菌引起的，已经存了成千上万年。

Most  strains of the cholerae bacteria are harmless and billions of them may live in your  gut right now.

大多数霍乱弧菌菌是无害的，数十亿这样的细菌可能就生活你的肠道中。

Cholera caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium is also harder to treat, having developed resistance in Asia and South America.

由霍乱弧菌引起的霍乱也变得更难治疗，因为该细菌已亚洲和南美洲产生了抗药性。

Now, when V. cholerae enters the stomach it shuts down protein production to conserve energy and nutrients, and to survive the acidic environment.

当霍乱弧菌进入胃部时，它会暂停生产蛋白质，以保存能量和营养，而酸性环境中生存下来。

And though V. cholerae does not enter the epithelial cells itself, the toxins do and they can cause a lot of trouble.

虽然霍乱弧菌本身不会进入上皮细胞，但是毒素会，而且会造成很多麻烦。

V. cholerae O139 – first identified in Bangladesh in 1992 – caused outbreaks in the past, but recently has only been identified in sporadic cases.

O139型霍乱弧菌于1992年孟加拉国被首次发，过去也曾导致霍乱暴发，而最近仅散发病例中有发。

Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 1-10 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people.

当然大多数感染了霍乱弧菌的人并不会出任何症状，尽管这种病菌感染后的1~10天内出他们的粪便中，并被释放回环境中传染他人。

This can cause symptoms like vomiting and voluminous amounts of watery diarrhea containing extremely high concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate; as well as high levels of live V. cholerae ready to infect another individual.

这可能导致呕吐、含有大量高浓度的钠、钾、氯化物和碳酸氢盐的水样腹泻，以及可能感染另一个人的高活跃性的霍乱弧菌。

And while the incubation time for V. cholerae can take hours, to 2-3 days; severe dehydration and depletion of electrolytes can happen within 4 to 12 hours of the first bout of diarrhea or vomiting.

虽然霍乱弧菌的潜伏期可达数小时至2-3天；第一次腹泻或呕吐后的4至12小时内可出严重脱水和电解质耗竭。

And in cholera outbreaks if we can clean up the water supply we can actually force the cholera bacteria to evolve less tolerance, a tolerance where they don't have the phages and they can't pass them on.

霍乱爆发期间， 如果我们能够净化水源， 实际上可以迫使霍乱弧菌进化出较低的耐受性，即它们不携带噬菌体且无法传递噬菌体的耐受性。