So how do hormones bind to their target cells?

那么激素是如何与靶细胞结合的呢？

NK cells kill their target cells by releasing cytotoxic granules in their cytoplasm directly into the target cell.

NK细胞通释放胞质内的细胞毒颗进入靶细胞内，来杀死靶细胞。

So target cells for those kinds of hormones have receptors for them on the outside of their membranes.

所这些激素的靶细胞在膜的外面有受体。

Like steroids, thyroid hormone is lipid-soluble, so it crosses the membrane of its target cell to bind inside the nucleus.

像类固醇一样，甲状腺激素是脂溶性的，所它穿靶细胞的膜与细胞核结合。

CAR-T cells, and also CAR-NK cells, they kill mainly through what's called CAR-dependent cytotoxicity.

CAR-T细胞及CAR-NK细胞主要通所谓的CAR依赖性细胞毒性来杀伤靶细胞。

They use proteins, perforna and granzyme, to punch holes in the target cell.

它们利用蛋白质、穿孔素和颗酶在靶细胞上打孔。

Hormones activate target cells by one of two methods, depending upon the chemical nature of the hormone.

根据激素的化学性质，激素通两种方法之一激活靶细胞。

Since the liver cells seem to be the main cells targeted in Reye's disease, the liver becomes one of the main organs affected.

由于细胞是瑞氏综合征的靶细胞，所脏成为了主要的受累器官。

Lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones and hormones of the thyroid gland) diffuse through the cell membranes of target cells.

脂溶性激素(类固醇激素和甲状腺激素)经扩散通靶细胞的细胞膜。

In this case it's going to target cells in the liver and it's going to make them release glucose from glycogen.

在这种情况下，它将作用于脏中的靶细胞，促使它们从糖原中释放葡萄糖。

Lipid-soluble hormones, on the other hand, can just basically glide right through that cell membrane, so their receptor sites are inside their target cells.

另一方面，脂溶性荷尔蒙可穿细胞膜，所它们的受体位于靶细胞内。

A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by a cell that effects specific change in the cellular activity of target cells.

激素是细胞产生的一种化学信使，它能引起靶细胞活动的特定变化。

The target cells and their receptors also move around, so the researchers think the fibers' movement could increase the chance that they'll collide with a receptor.

由于靶细胞和它们的受体也在运动，因此研究人员认为纤维的运动可能会增加它们与受体结合的机会。

So, just like some keys can open many locks, while others only work with one, so too can the hormone-target-cell relationship either be widespread or localized.

所，就像一些钥匙可打开许多锁，而另一些钥匙只能用一把锁一样，激素-靶细胞的关系也可是广泛的或局部的。

Because of the specificity of hormone and target cell, the effects produced by a single hormone may vary among different kinds of target cells.

由于激素和靶细胞的特异性，单一激素对不同类型靶细胞产生的作用可能不同。

But key effector molecules, the things T cells use to kill target cells, like granzyme B, GZMB, and perforin, were significantly enriched in these HMW aggregates.

然而，关键的效应分子——T细胞用于杀伤靶细胞的物质，如酶B（GZMB）和穿孔素，在这些高分子量聚集体中显着富集。

They are well-known, powerful signals that promote NK cell survival, proliferation, making more NK cells, and importantly, their activation and cytotoxic function, their ability to kill target cells.

它们是众所周知的强效信号，可促进NK细胞的存活和增殖，产生更多的NK细胞，并且尤为重要的是，能够激活NK细胞并增强其细胞毒性功能，即杀伤靶细胞的能力。

The CRH makes the very short trip through the bloodstream to the anterior pituitary gland, where, because it's water soluble, it binds to receptors on the outside of its target cells.

CRH 通血液很短的行程到达垂体前叶，在那里，因为它是水溶性的，它与靶细胞外部的受体结合。

Either way, when a target cell is activated, the hormone alters its activity, by either increasing or decreasing some of its functions — usually with the goal of maintaining your body's homeostasis in one way or another.

不管怎样，当一个靶细胞被激活时，激素就会改变它的活性，通增加或减少它的一些功能——通常目的是这样或那样的方式维持你身体的体内平衡。

These granules contain some molecules that punch holes in the target cell's membrane by binding by binding directly to the phospholipids and creating pores. and some that cause target cells to undergo apoptosis, which is a programmed cell death.

这些颗内含一些能在靶细胞膜上打孔的分子，它们与磷脂结合，然后穿孔；还有一些能够导致靶细胞凋亡，即程序性细胞死亡。