Tommotian and Burgess Shale formations give clues about Precambrian evolution.

早间，Tommotian和伯吉斯页岩化石群为前寒武纪进化提供了线索。

Before 2008, the United States imported most of its crude but technological innovation allowed U.S. companies to tap into vast shale oil reserves.

2008年之前，美国大部分原油依靠进口，但技术革新使美国公司得以开采巨大页岩油储。

In between are several layers of dense shale rock.

中间是几层致密页岩。

The land at the bottom of the sea was black shale rock.

海底土地是黑色页岩岩石。

He said agriculture and oil and gas from rocks, called shale, can help the economy.

他说，农业和来自页岩石油和天然气可以帮助经济发展。

On energy, I will cancel job killing restrictions on the production of American energy, including shale energy and clean call, creating many millions of high paying jobs. That's what we want, that's what we've been waiting for.

能源方面，我将撤销那些有碍美国能源产业就业限制，包括油页岩能源和洁净煤，以创造数百薪工作机会。那正是我们想要，也是我们一直首以待。

It reckons that there are 7,299 trillion cubic feet, 10% more than its 2011 estimate.

据估计，全球页岩气储7，299亿立方英尺，比2011年预测值出10%。

There, 8,000 feet above sea level, he found a shale outcrop, about the length of a city block, containing an unrivaled array of fossils from soon after the moment when complex life burst forth in dazzling profusion-the famous Cambrian explosion.

在海拔2438米地方。他发现了一个页岩露头，长度大约相当于城市一个街区，里面蕴藏着一大批化石，远自复杂生命大爆爱——即著名寒武纪大爆发——之后不久时候。

There's a lot of evidence of anoxic water, water that doesn't have enough oxygen in it because it produces these black shale deposits in the Devonian, and so we have that mass extinction.

有大证据表明存在缺氧水体，即缺乏足够氧气水，因为这在泥盆纪形成了黑色页岩沉积，因此我们经历了那次大灭绝。

" The shale production that is entering the market and pushing other sources of supply that used to come to the U.S. away from the U.S. and they are trying to find markets for that."

“页岩出产石油正在进入市场，迫使以前来到美国其他燃料供应来源离开美国，他们正在试图寻找市场。”

Chevron said it would record impairments of more than $10bn in its fourth quarter. More than half of the write-down comes from shale assets in the Appalachian region.

雪佛龙表示，第四季度将减记资产逾100亿美元。减记资产中，超过一半来自阿巴拉契亚地区页岩资产。

At the same time, the U.S., having edged closer to energy independence with natural gas and oil shale, no longer needed Riyadh the way it once did, and was noticeably less attentive.

与此同时，随着天然气和油页岩开采，美国已经逐渐接近能源独立，已经不再像过去那样需要利雅得了，对沙特也明显不那么在意了。

Like wind power, this has boomed in America over the past couple of decades, with the rise of shale gas produced by hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, of rocks.

与风力发电一样，随着水力压裂法开采页岩天然气兴起，在过去几十年里，这一技术在美国蓬勃发展。

Well, when the shale revolution kicked off about 15 years ago, you had a load of these kind of smaller companies buying up drilling rights and starting to drill left, right and centre.

当页岩革命在 15 年前开始时候，有很多这样小公司购买了钻探权，开始左右钻探。

He held out the prospect of exporting shale gas to Europe if a prospective trade agreement between the two powers were signed. But he added that Europe should not rely on US gas.

他指出如果美国和欧洲签署贸易协议后向欧洲出口页岩前景，但他说欧洲不应该依赖美国天然气。

Until 2014, when opec orchestrated an oil-price crash, shale drillers raised cheap finance to ramp up output, turning America into the world's biggest producer of oil.

直到2014年，石油输出国组织策划了一场油价崩盘，页岩油开采企业才通过廉价融资来提产，从而使美国成为世界上最大石油生产国。

There was more consolidation in the energy industry, as Occidental agreed to buy CrownRock, a privately held shale-oil producer, in a transaction valued at 12bn dollars.

能源行业整合增加，西方石油同意以120亿美元价格收购私营页岩油生产商CrownRock。

And so the state consequently had a massive, massive amount of petroleum-rich shale rock deposits beneath its surface, ripe for the new fracking technique to exploit.

因此，该州地表下蕴藏着大富含石油页岩矿床，为新水力压裂技术提供了成熟开采条件。

The process to extract that oil, known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is the source of the economic boom for states on top of these deposits.

这种开采页岩油方式被称作水力压裂技术或液压破碎法，凭借储备丰富资源各州经济得以繁荣。

The pigments were discovered after researchers crushed 1.1bn-year-old rocks found in a marine shale deposit, beneath the Sahara desert, in the Taoudeni basin in Mauritania, west Africa.

研究人员碾碎距今11亿年海相页岩后发现了亮粉色色素，该页岩位于西非毛里塔尼陶德尼盆地撒哈拉沙漠底下。