Before 2008, the United States imported most of its crude but technological innovation allowed U.S. companies to tap into vast shale oil reserves.

2008年之前，美国大部分原油依靠进口，但技术革新使美国公司得以开采巨大的页岩油储量。

In between are several layers of dense shale rock.

中间是几层致密的页岩。

That shale is now at the bottom of the Badlands.

这个页岩现在位于荒地的底部。

He said agriculture and oil and gas from rocks, called shale, can help the economy.

他说，农业和来自页岩的石油和天然气可以帮助经济发展。

" The shale production that is entering the market and pushing other sources of supply that used to come to the U.S. away from the U.S. and they are trying to find markets for that."

“页岩出产的石油正在进入，使以前来到美国的其他燃料供应来源离开美国，他们正在试图寻找。”

Chevron said it would record impairments of more than $10bn in its fourth quarter. More than half of the write-down comes from shale assets in the Appalachian region.

雪佛龙表示，第四季度将减记资产逾100亿美元。减记资产中，过一半的来自阿巴拉契亚地区的页岩资产。

At the same time, the U.S., having edged closer to energy independence with natural gas and oil shale, no longer needed Riyadh the way it once did, and was noticeably less attentive.

与此同时，随着天然气和油页岩的开采，美国已经逐渐接近能源独立，已经不再像过去那样雅得了，对沙特也明显不那么在意了。

Like wind power, this has boomed in America over the past couple of decades, with the rise of shale gas produced by hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, of rocks.

与风力发电一样，随着水力压裂法开采页岩天然气的兴起，在过去的几十年里，这一技术在美国蓬勃发展。

He held out the prospect of exporting shale gas to Europe if a prospective trade agreement between the two powers were signed. But he added that Europe should not rely on US gas.

他指出如果美国和欧洲签署贸易协议后向欧洲出口页岩的前景，但他说欧洲不应该依赖美国的天然气。

And so the state consequently had a massive, massive amount of petroleum-rich shale rock deposits beneath its surface, ripe for the new fracking technique to exploit.

因此，该州地表下蕴藏着大量富含石油的页岩矿床，为新的水力压裂技术提供了成熟的开采条件。

The process to extract that oil, known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is the source of the economic boom for states on top of these deposits.

这种开采页岩油的方式被称作水力压裂技术或液压破碎法，凭借储备量丰富的资源各州经济得以繁荣。

The pigments were discovered after researchers crushed 1.1bn-year-old rocks found in a marine shale deposit, beneath the Sahara desert, in the Taoudeni basin in Mauritania, west Africa.

研究人员碾碎距今11亿年的海相页岩后发现了亮粉色色素，该页岩位于西非毛里塔尼陶德尼盆地的撒哈拉沙漠底下。

The American oil firm Chevron has suspended test drilling for shale gas in Romania after anti-fracking protesters broken into a site northeast of the capital Bucharest.

美国雪佛龙石油公司暂停在罗马尼亚的页岩气测试钻探，此前有反压裂抗议者冲进首都布加勒斯特东北部一处钻探点。

The book's main strength is the clarity with which the author explains the development of shale exploitation and assesses the implications of the shale boom.

这本书的主优势是作者清晰地介绍了页岩开发的过程，并且预计了页岩开发潮的意义。

It thanks in large part to drops in crude oil prices that are fueled by the shale oil boom in Texas, North Dakota and Canada.

这感谢得克萨斯州、北达科塔州和加拿大充裕的页岩油产量大幅拉低了原油价格。

The price has risen in part because oil production in America, where output from shale fields has boomed in recent years, is dropping.

在本周中期，布伦特原油交易价比一月中期13年来的最低价高了47%。这次油价上涨的部分原因是美国石油产量正在下滑，而近年来美国的页岩油气产量猛增。

It's a huge industry, devoted to cracking the shale rock thousands of feet beneath the ground and freeing the precious fossil fuels inside.

这是一项巨大的产业, 致力于凿开地下数千英尺下页岩将里面的珍贵化石燃料释放。

France, Poland and Ukraine are thought to have the largest amounts of shale gas.Large supplies have been found in Romania, Bulgaria and Britain.

据悉法国、荷兰和乌克兰拥有最大的页岩气储量，罗马尼亚、保加亚和英国也发现大量储备。

At 9: 04 P.M. trilobites swim onto the scene, followed more or less immediately by the shapely creatures of the Burgess Shale.

晚上9点4分，三叶虫登了，几乎紧接着出的是布尔吉斯页岩那些形状美观的动物。

The usual suspects would have been America's shale producers, who in the past have often increased output when oil prices rise.

通常的怀疑对象是美国的页岩气生产商，他们过去经常在油价上涨时增加产量。