That's why they're known as mucus membranes.

所它们也被称之为黏膜。

Smoking can alter the oral microbiota by increasing the acidity of saliva, depleting oxygen, influencing oral baterial adherence to mucosal surfaces, and impairing host immunity.

吸烟能通过增加唾液酸度、消耗氧气含量、影响口腔细菌对黏膜表面的附着、降低宿主免疫力等方式，改变口腔微生物群。

But what's particularly distinctive about them is the color of their tongue, which is dark blue, in contrast with the lining of their mouth which is bright pink.

但它们的特别之处在于舌头的颜色，深蓝色，与亮粉色的口腔黏膜形成鲜明对比。

A more direct route is insufflation - or snorting it - because the drug is rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes of the nasal passages, or smoking it so the drug can be absorbed through the lungs.

第2个更加直接的途径是鼻吸入，可卡因能够通过鼻腔黏膜快速吸收或者通过吸入由肺吸收。

The inner mucosal layer consists of transitional epithelium, which allows the bladder to expand so it can hold more urine, a handy feature for social mammals like us who prefer dry underwear and peeing in private.

内黏膜层由移行上皮组成，它允许膀胱膨，这样它就可容纳更多的尿液，这对于像我们这样喜欢干内衣和私下撒尿的社交哺乳动物来说是一个方便的特征。

Going deeper past that layer you've got the basement membrane and loose connective tissue, called the lamina propria—which together with the epithelium makes up the mucosa.

更深层由基底膜细胞和疏松结缔组织组成，被称为基底层，它和上皮层一起组成了气道的黏膜层。

IgA is the main antibody found in breast milk, tears, saliva, and the mucosal secretions of respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the genitourinary tract.

IgA是乳汁、泪液、唾液中最多的抗体，也是呼吸道黏膜、胃肠粘膜、泌尿生殖道粘膜最常见的抗体。

Nasal Polyp are fleshy swellings that develop in the lining mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses, air-filled spaces, linked to the nasal cavity.

鼻息肉是在与鼻腔相连的鼻腔和鼻窦（充满空气的间隙）的内壁黏膜中增生的肉质肿。

A 1950s sketch show described the BBC as a " part of the English heritage. Like suet pudding and catarrh" .

20世纪50年代的一档小品节目将BBC描述为“英国遗产的一部分。就像羊油布丁和黏膜炎。”。

For example, after a dental procedure that leaves a rough tooth surface, or a broken tooth rubbing against the mucosa.

比如，某次牙科治疗使牙齿变面变得粗糙，或者某颗坏掉的牙齿不断摩擦黏膜。

There's a lot of soot in the mucus membrane.

黏膜里有很多烟灰。

In addition to the itchy lesions, painful sores can appear on mucosal surfaces like inside the mouth.

除了发痒的皮损外，黏膜表面可能会出现伴有疼痛的溃疡，例如口腔黏膜的溃疡。

Beyond the mucosa, there is smooth muscle followed by more connective tissue, and together, these two layers make up the submucosa and this is where the bronchial mucinous glands live.

黏膜层外是平滑肌细胞，之后是更多结缔组织，这两层共同组成粘膜下层，是黏液腺所在之处。

Causes It is caused by dental infection or tooth abscess, involving molars and premolars, as well as submandibular sialadenitis, injuries to oral mucosa, and mandibular fracture.

病因原因是牙齿感染或牙齿脓肿，累及磨牙和前磨牙，同时伴有下颌下涎腺炎、口腔黏膜损伤和下颌骨折。

It carries a needle that is engineered to penetrate the lining of the stomach only when the device's flat section sits flush against it.

它携带一根针，只有当装置的平坦部分完好坐落在胃里时，针才会刺穿胃黏膜。

So that stomach lining that I mentioned, for example, is made up of big columnar cells, because they have to make and secrete mucus.

比如我提到的胃黏膜就由巨大的柱状细胞组成，因为它们必须制造和分泌粘液。

Signs of precancerous development include areas of leukoplakia, erythroplakia, erythroleukoplakia or any other abnormal appearing tissue or masses.

癌前征象包括口腔黏膜白斑、红斑、红白斑或出现其它不正常的组织或肿块。

The larynx is also called the voice box because it contains the vocal cords, which are two folds of mucous membrane that can open and close like curtains.

喉也称为“声匣/喉头”，因为声带位于此；声带本质上是两片黏膜，就如同两张能开合的帘子。

The mucosa is a very wet layer that helps protect the inside of your nose and sinuses and humidifies the air you breathe.

鼻黏膜表面非常湿润，有助于保护你的鼻子和鼻窦的内侧，并使你呼吸的空气变得湿润。

This bicarbonate-rich mucus protects the gastric mucosa from our own gastric acid, so it won't get digested along with food.

这种富含碳酸氢盐的黏液，保护胃黏膜不受我们自身胃酸的影响，使其不至于和食物一起被消化。