Well noticed. So worth listening out for that flap. What's the complex word? - Alveolar.

真细心。所以值得认真听听那个闪，那个词叫啥来着？- 齿龈闪。

So the first difference of an Australian accent to an English one is something called Alveolar Flapping which sounds rude. - Flapping. - Flap, the flap of the tongue.

澳洲口和英国口第一个区别就是齿龈闪，这听起来有点粗鲁。- 闪。- 闪，闪动。

So, s and z, where the two parts are the tip of your tongue and the alveolar ridge, which is the hard bit of the roof of your mouth, just behind your top teeth.

所以， s 和 z， 这两个发部位是你尖和齿龈隆起，也就是你口腔顶部硬部分，在你上排牙齿面。

In some other languages, the front part of your tongue does have contact with the bump or some part of the roof of your mouth.

在一些其他语言中，你前部确实会与齿龈或口腔顶部某部分接触。

They're all produced with the tongue near to or actually touching that ridge behind the upper teeth, which is technically called the alveolar ridge.

它们都是通过将靠近或实际上触及上牙齿龈脊发出，这一部位在语上被称为齿龈脊。

The soft palate can be lowered to block the oral cavity and allow air to pass through the nasal cavity so that a NASAL sound is produced.

口腔内部器官对发至关重要。从前面开始，口腔上部包括上唇、上齿、齿龈、硬腭、软腭和小。软腭可以下垂使气流通过鼻腔，如果同时在口腔中发生阻塞，发出就是鼻。

How it almost looks like bars?

它看起来就像齿龈？

In some forms of American English, the flap occurs for ''t'' in words like dirty and sorting, after r -colored vowels in a stressed syllable.

(7) 触和闪：当对齿龈进行一次触及，发生一次颤动，就是触。在美国英语中，像 [t， d] 等常常发成触，如 city (城市) 和 ladder (梯子) 等。闪是首先以卷姿将尖向上并向卷曲，然返回下齿面位置，在齿龈区域击打口腔顶部。在美国英语一些言中，闪出现在重读节中儿化元之，如 dirty (脏) 和 sorting (分类)(Ladefoged&Johnson， 2015： 99；关于儿化元见下文 2.2。

The former is known as the Manner of Articulation and the latter as the Place of Articulation (or the Place of Articulatory Gestures).

发辅时至少需要两个发器参与，例如 bad 一词起首 [b] 涉及双唇闭合姿，末尾 [d] 涉及叶 (或尖) 向齿龈运动姿。因此，辅分类要考虑到若干因素，其中最重要是：①发器之间实际关系，即气流经过声道某些部位时式；②声道哪些部位出现靠拢、变窄或发生气流阻碍。前者称为 “发式”，者叫作 “发部位”。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性话，只用两个词描述即可，如 [m] 是双唇鼻，[j] 是硬腭通，[h] 是声门擦。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这一个边，既可以称作齿龈边，也可以直接简称为边。在英语元符号形式上，不同作者曾使用不同符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中通用符号体系来转写 RP 元 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不是直接从国际标表中复制，而是基于国际标表一种适用于英语发描述变通版本。