To remove bound CoA from the protein, the protein solution was buffer exchanged into 10 mM citrate (pH 5.0)–1 mM TCEP by using an S1Y10 spiral cartridge (Millipore).
I mean, if that wasn't clear, all that that we just said, like this is officially a COA, like this will be a broad overview of a very, very, very dense game that neither one of us play.