White people, Europeans, Persians, Arabs, Middle Easterners.

白人，欧洲人，斯人，阿拉伯人，中东人。

This time, the Persians said no.

一次，斯人说不。

As long ago as 500 A.D., Persians used windmills for grinding grain and pumping water.

早在公元500年，斯人就利用风车来研磨谷物以及抽水。

These mountain people were the Persians.

个山地民族就是斯人。

At great cost to the Persians, the Spartans and their king, Leonidas, were killed.

斯付出了巨大代价，斩杀了斯巴达勇士和他们国王列奥尼达斯。

Eventually, the Persians, under Darius I invaded Greece in 492 BCE.

最终，斯人在大流士一世领导于公元前 492 年入侵希腊。

And then, in 480 BCE, Xerxes took his Persians across the Hellespont and moved south, towards Sparta, gaining allies.

然后，在公元前 480 年，薛西斯带领他斯人穿过赫勒斯蓬特河，向南移动，前往斯巴达，获得盟友。

The Persians suffered heavy losses. Those remaining took to their ships and fled. Such a victory!

许多斯人阵亡了。剩斯人登船逃跑了。竟然在获胜几率如此低情况取得了胜利！

The Persians were defeated and Xerxes fled, never to return.

斯战败，薛西斯逃跑，再也没有回来。

Meanwhile, ancient Persians built shallow insulated pools of water and utilized a technique known as sky cooling.

与此同时，古斯人建造了隔热浅水池，并利用“空气冷却”技术。

The same free people of Athens who defeated the Persians later treated Miltiades and Themistocles with just such ingratitude.

是曾战胜过斯人自由雅典人民，也就是后来很不知感激地对待米尔提亚德斯和泰米斯托克利斯雅典人民。

So there at Marathon they formed ranks, and fell upon the startled Persians. And they were victorious.

所以他们在马拉松集结并向受惊斯人发起攻击。雅典人打了胜仗。

Lydia was powerful and prosperous, but it was threatened from the east by the rapidly expanding power of the Persians.

吕底亚国力强大，经济发达，但东边迅速扩张斯对他们仍是一种威胁。

Iraqis, Kurds, Pakistanis, Persians, and the peoples of Central Asia.

伊拉克人、库尔德人、巴基斯坦人、斯人和中亚人民。

Next week, we’ll look at the Persians and the Greeks.

周，我们将看看斯人和希腊人。

It was Alexander who won the final, decisive victory over the Persians.

是亚历山大赢得了对斯人最后决定性胜利。

The Persians could use it to outflank us.

斯人可以用它来包抄我们。

The literature of Indians, Greeks, Persians, and Teutons alike was characterized by great cosmic visions.

印度人、希腊人、斯人和日耳曼人文学都以伟大宇宙观为特征。

And then the Persians, and then Alexander the Great and finally, the Romans.

，然后是斯人，然后是亚历 山大大帝，最后是罗马人。

Remarkably, some qanats built by the Persians 2,700 years ago are still in use today.

值得注意是，斯人在 2700 年前建造一些坎儿井至今仍在使用。