White people, Europeans, Persians, Arabs, Middle Easterners.

白，欧洲，波，阿拉伯，中东。

This time, the Persians said no.

这一次，波说不。

As long ago as 500 A.D., Persians used windmills for grinding grain and pumping water.

早公元500年，波就利用风车来研磨谷物以及抽水。

These mountain people were the Persians.

这个山地民族就是波。

At great cost to the Persians, the Spartans and their king, Leonidas, were killed.

波付出了巨大的代价，斩杀了巴达勇士和他们的国王列奥尼达。

Eventually, the Persians, under Darius I invaded Greece in 492 BCE.

最终，波大流士一世的领导于公元前 492 年入侵希。

And then, in 480 BCE, Xerxes took his Persians across the Hellespont and moved south, towards Sparta, gaining allies.

然后，公元前 480 年，薛西带领他的波穿过赫勒蓬特河，向南移动，前往巴达，获得盟友。

The Persians suffered heavy losses. Those remaining took to their ships and fled. Such a victory!

许多波阵亡了。剩的波登船逃跑了。竟然获胜几率如此低的情况取得了胜利！

The Persians were defeated and Xerxes fled, never to return.

波战败，薛西逃跑，再也没有回来。

Meanwhile, ancient Persians built shallow insulated pools of water and utilized a technique known as sky cooling.

与此同时，古波建造了隔热的浅水池，并利用“空气冷却”技术。

The same free people of Athens who defeated the Persians later treated Miltiades and Themistocles with just such ingratitude.

这是曾战胜过波的自由的雅典民，也就是后来很不知感激地对待米尔提亚德和泰米托克利的雅典民。

So there at Marathon they formed ranks, and fell upon the startled Persians. And they were victorious.

所以他们马拉松集结并向受惊的波发起攻击。雅典打了胜仗。

Lydia was powerful and prosperous, but it was threatened from the east by the rapidly expanding power of the Persians.

吕底亚国力强大，经济发达，但东边迅速扩张的波对他们仍是一种威胁。

Iraqis, Kurds, Pakistanis, Persians, and the peoples of Central Asia.

伊拉克、库尔德、巴基坦、波和中亚民。

Next week, we’ll look at the Persians and the Greeks.

周，我们将看看波和希。

It was Alexander who won the final, decisive victory over the Persians.

是亚历山大赢得了对波的最后决定性胜利。

The Persians could use it to outflank us.

波可以用它来包抄我们。

The literature of Indians, Greeks, Persians, and Teutons alike was characterized by great cosmic visions.

印度、希、波和日耳曼的文学都以伟大的宇宙观为特征。

And then the Persians, and then Alexander the Great and finally, the Romans.

，然后是波，然后是亚历 山大大帝，最后是罗马。

Remarkably, some qanats built by the Persians 2,700 years ago are still in use today.

值得注意的是，波 2700 年前建造的一些坎儿井至今仍使用。