He says for a long time, there's been a debate about how amniote brains, like birds and mammals, evolved and what makes them similar.

他说，长期以来，关于羊膜大脑，如鸟类和哺乳，是如何进化以及它们之间有何相似之处的争论一直存在。

And in lush forests dominated by ferns and ancient plants, a new kind of tetrapod was taking over: the amniotes.

在以蕨类植和古老植为主的茂密森林中，一种新的四正在接管：羊膜。

These arid wastelands would’ve been uninhabitable for early tetrapods, but not for the amniotes.

这些干旱的荒地 对于早期的四来说是不适宜居住的，但对于羊膜来说却不是。

Amniotes with one temporal fenestrae are called synapsids.

具有一个颞孔的羊膜称为突触。

We're amniotes, meaning we develop in a fluid-filled egg covered in a membrane.

我们是羊膜，意味着我们在充满液体的中发，覆盖着一层膜。

Unable to compete with these amniotes, and facing a harsh new climate, terrestrial temnospondyls either vanished outright or returned to the water.

无法与这些羊膜竞争，并面对严酷的新气候， 陆地上的扁平头类要么彻底消失， 要么回到了水中。

During the Triassic as dinosaurs were evolving to fill large bodied ecological niches on land the other amniote groups were evolving to fill the sea and the air.

在三叠纪期间，随着恐龙进化以填充陆地上的大型生态位，其他羊膜群也在进化以填充海洋和空气。

Unlike the temnospondyls, these early amniotes were free to reproduce far from the water, by laying eggs with protective shells, which were probably more leathery than mineralized.

与扁平头类不同， 这些早期的羊膜可以在远离水源的地方繁殖，它们产下的有保护壳，这些壳可能更像皮革而不是矿化质。

Amniotes can be subdivided into several groups based on the number of holes or fenestra in the skull.

羊膜可以根据头骨上的孔或孔的数量细分为几个组。

By the time this catastrophe occurred, most lineages of temnospondyls had already gone extinct, under pressure from the amniotes.

到这场灾难发生时，大多数扁平头类的分支已经在羊膜的压力下灭绝了。

And amniotes with two temporal fenestrae are called diapsids.

具有两个颞孔的羊膜被称为双孔。

Now, reptiles are amniotes, and so are mammals.

现在，爬行是羊膜，哺乳也是羊膜。

Which group of amniotes do you think dinosaurs belong to?

你认为恐龙属于哪一组羊膜？

And the amniotes quickly split into two branches around 310 million years ago: one that would give rise to all reptiles and birds, called the Sauropsids, and the other that would eventually give rise to mammals: the Synapsids.

大约3.1亿年前，羊膜迅速分化为两个分支：一个分支产生了所有爬行和鸟类，称为蜥形纲；另一个分支最终产生了哺乳，称为合弓纲。

As the Permian progressed, amniote predators like Dimetrodon, Ophiacodon, and eventually saber-toothed gorgonopsians became widespread.

随着二叠纪的推进，像二齿兽、蛇齿兽和最终的剑齿戈尔贡OPS这样的羊膜捕食者变得广泛分布。

But all that changed after aquatic amniotes started to spread.

但这一切在水生羊膜开始扩散后发生了变化。

Aquatic temnospondyls managed to hang on for tens of millions of years by sticking to watery habitats and avoiding the amniotes on land.

水生扁平头类通过坚守水域栖息地并避免与陆地上的羊膜接触，成功存活了几千万年。

Amniotes first appeared nearly 315 million years ago, in the Carboniferous Period.

羊膜最早出现在大约3.15亿年前的石炭纪。

And although the first amniotes evolved in the Carboniferous, it was during the Permian that they started taking over the world's land environments.

尽管第一批羊膜是在石炭纪进化而来的，但它们是在二叠纪才开始占据世界的陆地环境。

Some of our earliest fossil records of amniote eggs are from dinosaurs like Mussaurus patagonicus, which lived around 215 million years in Argentina.

我们最早的一些羊膜卵化石记录来自恐龙， 例如巴塔哥尼鼠龙，它们在阿根廷生活了大约 2.15 亿年。