Compared with virginoparae, the genetic relationship between fundatrix and the first generation of virginoparae (apterous) produced by fundatrix (apterous) was much close.

③母的遗传关系很近,但孤蚜已与二有分化.

In some species, such as aphids, the flightless morph lacks wings and is called the apterous morph.

一些昆虫种类，如蚜虫，出现体，被称为型。