Others are transmitted by bacteriophages, specialised viruses that infect bacteria.

另一些则通过噬体传播，噬体是一种专门感染细的病毒。

Not DNA. And so the Hershey-Chase experiment, sometimes called the blender experiment, used bacteriophages.

不是 DNA。因此，赫尔希-蔡斯实验（有被称为搅拌机实验）使用了噬体。

They used a red dye to dye the bacteriophages in this experiment.

他们使用红色染料在这个实验中对噬体进行染色。

And then it hijacks that bacteria to make more of the bacteriophage.

然后它劫持细来制造更多的噬体。

In the last few years, bacteriophages have enjoyed the attention of the second deadliest beings on earth: humans.

最近几年，噬体引起了世界上第二致命生物的关注——人类。

In this case it's a bacteriophage that's doing that.

在这种情况下，是噬体在起作用。

When Viruses turn Bacteria into killers Some species of bacteriophage carry  dangerous genes for toxic substances.

当病毒将细手，某些噬体携带了有毒物质的危险基因。

Microbiologist Erica Hartman led a study which found something called bacteriophage all over these two environments.

微生物学家埃里卡·哈特曼领导的一项研究发现，在这两个环境中到处都有所谓的噬体。

Turns out, we have our own uses for bacteriophages.

原来，我们自己有使用噬体的需求。

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.

噬体是感染细的病毒。

Like a row of " most-wanted" posters, CRISPR helps them find and destroy bacteriophages if they return.

就像一排“通缉”海报，基因编辑技术CRISPR帮助它们发现并摧毁返回的噬体。

And so there's a lot of hope that we can leverage things like bacteriophage

因此有很多希望我们可以利用像噬体这样的东西。

But in the wild, bacteria use CRISPR to defend themselves against their viral enemies: bacteriophages.

但在自然界中，细利用基因编辑技术CRISPR来防御它们的病毒敌人：噬体。

No one knew for certain what a bacteriophage was for some time.

一间，无人确知噬体为何物。

1924. The bacteriophage and its behaviour.

1924年。噬体及其行为研究。

1921. The bacteriophage, its role in immunity.

1921年。噬体及其在免疫中的作用。

At the Institute in Paris, Derelle pursued his work on the bacteria killer and identified bacteriophages for the first time.

在巴黎的研究所，德雷尔继续研究这种细手，并首次识别出了噬体。

It was clear that something was actively attacking bacteria, which Darrell believed was a virus and called it a bacteriophage, a bacteria-eater.

很明显， 有某种东西正在积极地攻击细，达雷尔认为这是一种病毒， 并将其称为噬体，即细的捕食者。

More specialized vectors have been engineered to use aspects of plasmids and bacteriophages, such as the plasmid-bacteriophage h hybrids known as cosmids

质粒和噬体已经在很多种类的细中被使用来表达基因，并且一些噬体许已经被用来将DNA整合到宿主基因组上。

They have no cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, or functional organelles, but they can infect all types of cells and numerous viruses can also infect bacteria, which are called bacteriophages.

虽然没有细胞膜、细胞质和功能性细胞器，但它们可以感染所有类型的细胞；许多病毒能感染细，这类病毒被称为噬体。