Others are transmitted by bacteriophages, specialised viruses that infect bacteria.

另一些则通过噬菌体传播，噬菌体是一种专门感染细菌的病毒。

They used a red dye to dye the bacteriophages in this experiment.

他们使用红色染料在这个实验中对噬菌体进行染色。

They have no cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, or functional organelles, but they can infect all types of cells and numerous viruses can also infect bacteria, which are called bacteriophages.

虽没有细膜、细质和功能性细，它们可以感染所有类型的细；许多病毒也能感染细菌，这类病毒也被称为噬菌体。

In the last few years, bacteriophages have enjoyed the attention of the second deadliest beings on earth: humans.

最近几年，噬菌体引起了世界上第二致命生的关注——人类。

Viruses and bacteriophages are not capable of metabolic activity on their own, so instead, they invade other cells and use their metabolic machinery to produce more viral molecules, nucleic acid, and proteins, which then assemble into new viruses.

众多病毒、噬菌体不能独立进行代谢活动，因此，它们侵入其它细，利用细的代谢机制来制造更多的病毒颗粒、核酸和蛋白质，将这些组装成新的病毒。

And then it hijacks that bacteria to make more of the bacteriophage.

它劫持细菌来制造更多的噬菌体。

Not DNA. And so the Hershey-Chase experiment, sometimes called the blender experiment, used bacteriophages.

不是 DNA。因此，赫尔希-蔡斯实验（有时也被称为搅拌机实验）使用了噬菌体。

Turns out, we have our own uses for bacteriophages.

原来，我们自己也有使用噬菌体的需求。

It was clear that something was actively attacking bacteria, which Darrell believed was a virus and called it a bacteriophage, a bacteria-eater.

很明显， 有某种东西正在积极地攻击细菌，达雷尔认为这是一种病毒， 并将其称为噬菌体，即细菌的捕食者。

And so there's a lot of hope that we can leverage things like bacteriophage

因此有很多希望我们可以利用像噬菌体这样的东西。

More specialized vectors have been engineered to use aspects of plasmids and bacteriophages, such as the plasmid-bacteriophage h hybrids known as cosmids

质粒和噬菌体已经在很多种类的细菌中被使用来表达基因，并且一些噬菌体也许已经被用来将DNA整合到宿主基因组上。

When Viruses turn Bacteria into killers Some species of bacteriophage carry  dangerous genes for toxic substances.

当病毒将细菌变成杀手时，某些噬菌体携带了有毒质的危险基因。

In this case it's a bacteriophage that's doing that.

在这种情况下，是噬菌体在起作用。

Dead Patches British microbiologist Frederick William Tort was the first to encounter bacteriophages in 1915. He was trying to culture the vaccinia bacteria used to create the smallpox vaccine, but kept finding transparent patches of dead bacteria.

“死亡斑点” 英国微生学家弗雷德里克·威廉·托特在1915年首次发现了噬菌体。 当时他正试图培养用于制造天花疫苗的牛痘病毒，却不断发现透明的死细菌斑点。

Others can screen for bacterial infections like the deadly MRSA. Or these bacteriophages could eventually be used as phage therapy, instead of antibiotics: to target, infect, and kill certain harmful bacteria without destroying our friendly microbes.

其他人可以筛查像致命的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌这样的细菌感染。或者这些噬菌体最终可以作为噬菌体疗法使用，而不是抗生素：专门针对、感染并杀死某些有害细菌，而不破坏我们有益的微生。

Microbiologist Erica Hartman led a study which found something called bacteriophage all over these two environments.

微生学家埃里卡·哈特曼领导的一项研究发现，在这两个环境中到处都有所谓的噬菌体。

1921. The bacteriophage, its role in immunity.

1921年。噬菌体及其在免疫中的作用。

Like a row of " most-wanted" posters, CRISPR helps them find and destroy bacteriophages if they return.

就像一排“通缉”海报，基因编辑技术CRISPR帮助它们发现并摧毁返回的噬菌体。

But in the wild, bacteria use CRISPR to defend themselves against their viral enemies: bacteriophages.

在自界中，细菌利用基因编辑技术CRISPR来防御它们的病毒敌人：噬菌体。

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.

噬菌体是感染细菌的病毒。