Either way, if the antigen is the right " fit" for the T cell, it will begin to differentiate and undergo clonal expansion.

无论哪种方式，如果抗原“适合”T细胞，那T细胞将开始分化并进行克隆扩增。

But, thanks to genetic testing, we've learned that this stand of aspen covering 106 acres of land is actually a single clonal organism that grew from a lone seed long ago.

不过，正是由于基因检测，我们发现这片覆盖 106 英亩山杨实际上是由很长时间前粒种子无性繁殖出来。

Once the pathogen is destroyed, most of the clonally expanded cells die off, that's called clonal deletion.

旦病原体被摧毁了，大部分克隆扩增细胞会死亡，这被称为克隆清除。

The cells that are activated in the adaptive immune response undergo clonal expansion which means that they massively proliferate.

在适应性免疫中被激活过细胞会进行克隆扩增，意味着它们会大量增殖。

1957 Frank Macfarlane Burnett proposes the theory of clonal selection.

1957年，弗兰克·麦克法兰·伯内特提出了克隆选择论。

And what did the clonal dynamics show?

克隆动力学显示了什么？

MGUS is characterized by the presence of detectable monoclonal M proteins, which are identical copies of intact immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin light chains, or both, that are secreted by the clonal plasma cells.

单克隆免疫球蛋白病未定性（MGUS）特征在于可检测到单克隆M蛋白存在，这些M蛋白是完整免疫球蛋白、免疫球蛋白轻链或两者完全相同副本，由克隆性浆细胞分泌。

This is called clonal heterogeneity, and it makes treatment difficult because a drug that works on one subclone may have no effect on another.

这被称为克隆异质性，它使得治疗变得困难， 因为种对某亚克隆有效药物可能对另亚克隆毫无作用。

A coral consists of clonal  colonies of the same organism, although sexual reproduction also occurs  between corals through the release of spores.

个珊瑚由同物克隆群落组成，尽管珊瑚之间也会通过释放孢子进行有性繁殖。

They measured the clonal diversity using a metric called Shannon entropy.

他们采用了种名为香农熵指标来衡量克隆多样性。

We know their gene expression, their clonal history.

我们知道它们基因表达，以及它们克隆历史。

Or could these clonal shifts just be random fluctuations, genetic drift?

这些克隆性转变会不会仅仅是随机波动，即遗传漂变呢？