However, Legionella has a type IVB secretion system, which uses effector proteins to prevent phagolysosomal fusion.

但是，军团菌有一套IVB分泌系统，会利用蛋白阻碍吞噬体和溶酶体融合。

Instead, they run right from the brain almost all the way to their effectors.

相反，它们大脑一直运行到它们器。

From there, the postganglionic fibers are super short — just long enough to communicate with their effector.

那里，节后神经纤维超短——刚好足够长以与它们器交流。

Well, it all depends on the particular kind of receptors that an effector has for receiving that chemical.

嗯，这完全取决于器接收这种化学物质特定受体。

Even if it's the same chemical. And to an effector, hormonal norepinephrine is just as good as neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

即使是相同化学物质。对于物来说，荷尔蒙去甲肾上腺素和神经递质去甲肾上腺素一样好。

Finally, the integration center sends signals to effectors, which then act to restore homeostatic balance.

最后，整合中心向器发送信号，然后器采取行动恢复体内平衡。

Since parasympathetic ganglia are so close to, or even inside of, their effector organs, the preganglionic fibers are a lot longer.

由于副交感神经节如此接近器官甚至在它们内部，节前纤维要长得多。

Efferent neurons transmit signals from the CNS to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons.

传出神经元将来自CNS信号传递到细胞，有时为运动神经元。

By contrast, most parasympathetic ganglia are found way out from the spine — near, or even inside of their effector organs.

相比之下，大多数副交感神经节在远离脊柱地方——靠近，甚至在它们器官内部。

But you gotta wonder — or at least I gotta wonder: how do these neurons and effectors actually communicate with each other?

但是你会好奇，至少我会好奇：这些神经元和器实际上是如何相互交流？

It's up to those neurotransmitters and hormones, and the receptors on the corresponding effectors, to make sure that everyone is on the same page.

这取决于那些神经递质和激素，以及相器上受体，确保大家都保持着统一步调。

It's what crosses that final synapse and creates a response in the effector, like opening up blood vessels that lead to the leg muscles.

它穿过最后突触，在物中产生反，就像打开通向腿部肌肉血管。

In addition to nerve fibers that lead to ganglia and then your effectors, there's also a set leaving the spinal cord that goes directly to your adrenal glands.

除了通向神经节和器神经纤维，还有一组离开脊髓直接进入肾上腺。

And an effector is just any structure that receives and reacts to a motor neuron's signal, like a muscle contracting or a gland secreting a hormone.

器只是任何接收运动神经元信号并做出反结构，就像肌肉收缩或腺体分泌激素一样。

Once the integration center interprets the signal, it transmits the message to motor neurons, which send an action potential back down your leg, where it reaches an effector.

一旦整合中心解释了信号，它就会将信息传输到运动神经元，运动神经元将动作电位发送回你腿，到达器。

They extend from the cranium and sacrum where they start, out to the lungs or liver or bladder — wherever their effector is — where they reach their ganglion.

它们颅骨和骶骨开始，延伸到肺、肝或膀胱——无论它们器在哪里——它们会抵达神经节。

Their ganglia, for example, are located in different places: The sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord, while on the parasympathetic side, they're close to the effectors.

例如，它们神经节位于不同位置：交感神经节位于脊髓附近，而副交感神经则靠近器。

But in your parasympathetic system, the postganglionic neurons release ACh at their synapses with the effector organs, too as opposed to in the sympathetic system, where effectors get a dose of norepinephrine instead.

但是在你副交感神经系统中，节后神经元在它们与器官突触处释放 ACh，而在交感神经系统中，器官得到一剂去甲肾上腺素。

The sympathetic nervous system is set up in such a way that even a small stress signal sent down one path could trigger a response in many effectors at once.

交感神经系统是这样建立，即使是沿着一条路径发出微小压力信号也能同时触发许多器反。

But they do have a lot of distance to cover, on the other side of the ganglion, in order to reach their effectors. So naturally the fibers leading out of the ganglia are a lot longer.

但是它们确实有很长距离要覆盖，在神经节另一边，为了到达它们器。所以自然地，神经节延伸出来纤维要长得多。