Gases, mixtures, surfaces, solids, phase changes, chemical reactions, electrochemical cells, sedimentation, and osmosis, to quote William H. Cropper.

引用 William H. Cropper 的话来说，包括气体、混合物、表面、固体、相变、反应、池、沉积和渗透。

Electrochemical reactions happen faster when it's hotter.

温度越高，反应越快。

In that marathon racer is a different electrochemical challenge.

在那场马拉松比赛中，跑步者是另一种挑战。

Pretty much everything in your experience — from euphoria to hunger to desire to fuzziness to to confusion to boredom — is communicated by way of these signals sent by your body's own electrochemical messaging system.

你经历的几乎所有事情——从狂喜到饥饿，从渴望到模糊，从困惑到无聊——都是通过你身体自己的信息系统发出的这些信号来交流的。

The depletion of ATP triggers potassium channels on the membrane of muscle cells to open up, which allows potassium to moves down its electrochemical gradient and out of the cell.

ATP的消耗触发了胞膜上钾离子通道的开放，使得钾离子顺位差梯度移出胞。

All it ever sees are electrochemical signals that come in along different data cables, and this is all it has to work with, and nothing more.

它看到的一切都是信号，这些信号来自不同的数据连线，这就是大脑要处理的全部东西， 之外并无其他。

That means that electrochemical reactors will need to transform raw materials into products very efficiently, with minimal waste and very selectively.

也就是说，那些反应堆将原材料变为合物的时候，需要有选择性、高效 且把浪费控制在最低水平。

They're electrochemical signals flowing from your brain to your body as a reaction to your day-to-day experiences.

它们是从大脑流向身体的信号，是对日常经历的反应。

But remember, all vision ever is is electrochemical signals coursing around in your brain.

但是记住，所有看见的东西都是流过大脑的信号。

Keep in mind that potassium ions carry a charge, so the difference in concentration also leads to a difference in charge - establishing an overall electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane.

钾离子携带一个荷，因浓度的差异也导致了荷的差异，建立了全面跨胞膜的梯度。

These large improvements in efficiency, selectivity and production rates are very important because they will ensure that electrochemical reactions are competitive with fossil-fuel-powered ones which are already highly optimized.

这些效率、选择性和生产率的 巨大提升非常重要，因为它们保证了因为它们保证了反应能够和 已高度优的石燃料动力反应竞争。不过啊，尼龙只是成千上万的品 所组成的汪洋大海中的一滴水。

Your brain alone contains billions of them — they're what generate and conduct the electrochemical nerve impulses that let you think, and dream, and eat nachos, or do anything.

仅你的大脑就包含数十亿个神经元——它们产生并传导神经脉冲，得以让你思考、做梦、吃玉米片或做任何事情。

While most electrochemical reactions operate with a constant stream of electrical currents, we knew that if we control the interactions between the electricity input and molecules, we could achieve a higher performance.

虽然大多数反应都是在恒定的流下进行的，但我们知道， 如果能控制好力输入和分子之间的相互作用，我们还能再把性能提升上去。

Keep in mind that these potassium ions carry a charge, so the difference in concentration also leads to a difference in charge, which establishes an overall electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane.

别忘了钾离子还带有一个荷，所以不同浓度的钾离子会有不同的荷量，这会建立全面跨胞膜的梯度。

Your nervous system uses lightning-fast electrochemical action potentials, delivered by an expressway made of neurons to specific cells and organs.

你的神经系统使用闪般的动作位，通过由神经元组成的高速公路传送到特定的胞和器官。

And you learned how cocaine is a sterling example of how artificial imbalances in this electrochemical system can lead to dysfunctions of all kinds.

你知道了可卡因是一个说明系统中的人为失衡如何导致各种功能障碍的生动案例。

This will then in turn incentivize chemical manufacturers to switch to electrochemical production processes instead of deploying new fossil fuel chemical plants.

这个会带动工厂来转换成的生产过程，而不是去置办新的石燃料工厂。

And it's what my research group at New York University is focusing on: figuring out electrochemical paths that can create direct links between clean electricity and molecules.

这也是我在纽约大的研究组 目前的研究方向：找到可以直接关联能和物质分子之间的 反应。

In electrochemical reactions, heat is replaced by electricity as an energy source.

在反应中，力将取代热能，作为能量源。

Through our research, we managed to identify electrochemical reaction mixtures with the right additives and voltages to be able to transform raw materials into nylon precursors very selectively.

经过研究，我们成功找到了正确的添加物和压来让反应堆将原材料有选择性地 转为尼龙的前身。