Microbes in this area break down the food using a process called enteric fermentation.

这个区域的微生通过肠道发酵的过程来分解食。

Our second brain is the brain in our gut or the ENS (the enteric nervous system).

我们的第二大脑是我们肠道或肠神中的大脑。

It's becoming more and more clear now that we won't get there, unless we tackle enteric methane emissions.

现在越来越清楚的是，除非我们解决肠道甲烷排放问题，否则我们无法实现这一目标。

Through this network of nerve connections, your big brain communicates stress to your enteric, or intestinal nervous system.

通过这个中神纤维间的联，你的大脑向你的肠道，或者说肠神递了压力的号。

For those of you not au fait with physiology or anatomy, the enteric tract is the nervous system that regulates digestion.

对于那些不熟悉生理学或解剖学的人来说，肠道是调节消化的神。

The scientific name for that is enteric fermentation.

其学名是肠内发酵。

We have a whole separate nervous system in our gut called the enteric nervous system.

我们的肠道中有一个完全独立的神，称为肠神。

I mean, we know that the enteric nervous system, the gut communicates with the brain.

我是说，我们知道肠神，肠道与大脑之间是相互沟通的。

Isn't it called the enteric nervous system?

不是叫肠神吗？

Research suggests that this network, known as the enteric nervous system, contains more than 100m neurons.

研究表明，这个被称为肠神的网络包含超过 100m 个神元。

The enteric tracts of waterfowl such as ducks and geese are known to be the reservoirs for all known influenza A viruses.

已知鸭子和鹅等水禽的肠道是所有已知A型流感病毒的宿主。

Fischman: Those are the enteric neurons.

Fischman：这些是肠道神元。

When the vagus nerve is severed, the enteric nervous system is capable of organizing and initiating its own reflexes for digestion because it has such a complex collection of neurons.

当迷走神被切断时，因其有如此复杂的神元集合，肠道神有能力组织和启动自己的消化反射。

In fact, there is a brain of sorts in your belly called the enteric nervous system which performs everything from sensing nutrients, measuring acids, and coordinating the immune system to defend your gut.

事实上，在你的肚子里有一个肠道神，它可以感知营养、测量酸度、协调免疫来保护你的肠道。

In fact, the enteric nervous system, which is an extensive mesh-like network of neurons that controls your entire digestive tract from the esophagus to the anus, doesn't even require the brain at all.

事实上，肠道神是一个由神元组成的网状网络，控制着从食道到肛门的整个消化道，它甚至不需要大脑控制。

But the enteric nervous system becomes even more interesting when you realize that the microbes in your gut actually produce over 50% of the dopamine found in your body, and 90% of the serotonin.

肠道神有趣的地方在于，你会发现其实体内50%以上的多巴胺和90%的血清素是由肠道内的微生释放出来的。

In fact, the enteric nervous system, which is an extensive mesh-like network of neurons that controls your entire digestive tract from the esophagus to the anus, doesn’t even require the brain at all.

事实上，肠神是一个广泛的网状神元网络，控制着从食道到肛门的整个消化道，它甚至根本不需要大脑。

So, these electrical patterns, these electrical waves that are going into, that are being propagated by the gastrointestinal tract, there are like several different cells, like the enteric neurons are coordinating these cells.

因此，这些电模式，即由胃肠道播的电波，涉及多种不同细胞的参与，比如肠神中的神元就在协调这些细胞的活动。 此外，还有所谓的间质卡哈尔细胞也在其中发挥作用。

But while this extensive network is constantly sending signals from the brain to your body, scientists have noted that 80-90% of the nerve fibers in the enteric nervous system are actually going from the gut to the brain.

但是，当这个大规模的网络不断地从大脑向身体发送号时，科学家们注意到，肠道神中80-90%的神纤维实际上是从肠道到大脑的。

The microbiome is thus an integral part of the gut-brain axis, the constant neural chatter between the largest group of nerve cells in the body, the central nervous system, and the second largest, the enteric nervous system.

因此，微生组是肠脑轴的一个组成部分，它是身体内最大一组神细胞——中枢神与第二大神细胞组——肠神之间持续的神交流。