When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原癌基因（如表皮生长因子受体基因、RAS基因）被激活时，它们变成了促细分裂的癌基因。

I will scan you now. Scan complete. You have a slight epidermal abrasion on your forearm. I suggest an anti-bacterial spray.

现在我将对你行扫描。扫描完毕。你的小臂上有轻度表皮擦伤。我建议用除菌喷雾处理。

Once it’s in, the virus causes epidermal cells to go into reproductive overdrive.

入， 病毒会导致表皮细入繁殖超速状态。

Remember that we have the epidermal layer of skin.

记住，我们拥有皮的表皮层。

Since the proboscis goes through both the epidermal and dermal layers, the cells in those layers are susceptible to infection by Zika virus.

因为喙穿过了表皮和真皮层，这些皮层中的细易受到寨卡病毒的感染。

Epidermal cells divide, move outwards, die, and form the skin's tough outer layer, which gradually sheds off in single cells far too small to see.

表皮细分裂、外移、凋亡，形成皮坚韧的屏障，并以肉眼无法看到的单细逐渐脱落。

And there are things that live on the skin, on that epidermal layer and within it that we call microbiota.

并且有些生物生活在皮上，也是那个表皮层及其内部，我们称之为微生物群。

They come up through the subcutaneous fat and into that dermal layer, but they don't reach into the epidermal layer, that outermost layer.

它们通过皮下脂肪层上升到真皮层，但不会到达最外层的表皮层。

Whereas short wavelength light, which only hits that epidermal layer on the outside of the skin may be bad for our skin.

而短波长的光，仅触及皮表层的表皮层，可能对我们的皮不利。

When it penetrates mostly that epidermal layer of the skin, that outermost layer, it can cause changes in the way that DNA functions.

当它主要穿透皮的表皮层，也是最外层时， 它会导致DNA功能方式的变化。

So pass that outer epidermal layer into the dermal layers of the skin and can access the vasculature, the neurons, some of the glands located deeper in the skin.

因此，它能穿透表皮层，深入到皮的真皮层，触及血管系统、神经元以及位于皮更深处的某些腺体。

That is a laser used to essentially disrupt that epidermal outermost layer, turn it over so that it regenerates, because it can indeed regenerate, to create new cells there.

这是种激光， 主要用于破坏表皮的最外层，使其翻转以实现再生，因为表皮确实具有再生能力， 从而在那里生成新细。

Initially, ink is deposited into the epidermis as well, but as the skin heals, the damaged epidermal cells are shed and replaced by new, dye-free cells with the topmost layer peeling off like heeling sunburn.

其实，纹身的过程也会把颜料植入表皮，但是随着皮的自我修复，损坏的表皮细脱落被新的、没有颜料的细所替代，如同表层皮被阳光灼伤样脱落。

In fact, The dermatologist that I spoke to who's an expert in derm oncology, okay, cancers of the skin, said that laser resurfacing can cause a 30% reduction in skin cancers because of this ability to rejuvenate that epidermal layer.

事实上，我采访的那位皮肿瘤学专家、皮科医生表示，激光换术能因这种使表皮层再生的能力， 导致皮癌发病率降低30%。