When other people are made worse off that's called a negative externality.

当别人变得更糟时，它被称为负外部性。

These offer key opportunities to reframe body ideals that engage vitality from within, such as metabolic health, rather than focus solely on externalities or ideal representations.

它们给予我们重塑理想化身体机会，从内在关注生命活力，例如代谢健康，而不只是聚焦在外部或理想方式。

Yet those last two proposals leave unanswered the question of what rate utilities should pay customers for their power—or more broadly, what the price of solar, with all externalities factored in, ought to be.

然而后面两个提议依然没有解决公共电力公司应该按照什么样比例购买消费者家多余电问题，或者更明确说，考虑到所有外部素，太阳能电价格应该怎样确定。

To take into account those externalities means taking into account everything from the loss of seafront property and farm productivity to deaths caused by heatwaves (as well as those avoided in cold snaps).

要考虑这些外部效应，就意味着要考虑从海滨财产和农业生产力损失，到热浪造成死亡(以及寒流避免死亡)素。

And they're not going to benefit from that increase in externalities that results from this political spending that they're going to bear as taxpayers and in other ways.

他们不会从他们作为纳税人或以其他方式承担政治支出带来外部性增加中受益。

Could you think of another way to increase the number of electric cars on the streets by applying the concept of externalities?

您能否运用外部效应概念，想出另种增加电动汽车数量方法？

Market-based approaches to reduce negative externalities are also used to fight climate change.

减少负外部性以市场为基础方法也被用于应对气候变化。

And there are " network externalities" to consider.

此外，还有“网络外部性”需要考虑。

To combat negative externalities and avoid such a tragedy, we can do four things: create public awareness, assign property rights appropriately, force the internalization of negative externalities or turn to regulation and fines.

为了应对负面外部效应并避免悲剧发生，我们可以采取四项措施：提高公众意识、合理分配产权、强制将负面外部效应内部化，或者诉诸监管和罚款。

We need to consider how healthy bodies are based on what's going on inside, rather than focusing on externalities.

我们需要考虑健康身体取决于内在情况，而不应聚焦在外部。

Regulation can also create positive externalities.

监管也可以产生正外部性。

In fact, externalities are the justification for almost everything the government does.

事实上，外部性几乎是政府所有行动正当理由。

As for positive externalities. Think about education. More education is great for you.

至于正外部性，以教育为例吧。更多教育对你来说是件好事。

When the government tries to fix externalities they can use regulatory policies or market-based policies.

当政府试图解决外部性问题时，他们可以使用监管或基于市场政策。

Another way that governments try to solve externalities is with market-based policies.

政府试图解决外部性另种方式是基于市场政策。

This is what economists would call a " negative externality."

这就是经济学家所说“负面外部性” 。

The idea that as an externality of fossil fuel use.

化石燃料使用种外部性。

Yeah, in economics terms, these costs are known as externalities.

yeah, 用经济学术语来说，这些成本被称为外部性。

And that convenience is affordable because it fails to price in all its externalities.

而且这种便利性之所以负担得起，是为它没有计入所有外部成本。

Research produces its own set of externalities, positive ones, since knowledge tends to be shared.

研究本身会产生系列外部性，这些是正面，为知识往往会被共享。