In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

在今天的节目里，我们要探索摩。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这些都是摩，慢慢地发出你会听到摩。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，摩指的是气流有部分被阻滞。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

后是清或“安静”，出现在诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破由爆破和后面的组成。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

思考的方法是爆破加上等于破。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

种辅是摩。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国的齿槽、西班牙的颤、法国的小舌？

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 是。

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 是。 Thh, vvv 也是。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

在某些情况下，清开始像“f”样发（例如笑、咳嗽）。

The rule reads: a voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.

规则如下：浊摩出现在清之前时， 将转换为相应的清。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带性的话，只用两词描述即可，如 [m] 是双唇鼻，[j] 是硬腭通，[h] 是门。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这边，既可以称作齿龈边，也可以直接简称为边。在英语元符号的形式上，不同的作者曾使用不同的符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中的通用符号体系来转写 RP 的元 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不是直接从国际标表中复制的，而是基于国际标表的种适用于英语发描述的变通版本。