In today's program, we will explore fricatives.

在今天节目里，我们要探索摩擦音。

Fricative are often a source of confusion for English learners.

摩擦音让很多英语学习者感到困惑。

These are all fricatives, the sounds are coming out slowly and you hear this friction sound.

这摩擦音，声音慢慢地发出你会听到摩擦声。

To be clear, fricatives mean there is a partial obstruction in the air stream.

清楚地说，摩擦音指气流有一部分被阻滞。

And finally, the vociceless fricative or be quiet sound, shhhhhh, present in words such as shower and push.

后清擦音或“安静”音，出现在诸如 shower 和 push 等词中。

Affricates are made up of a stop sound followed by a fricative sound.

破擦音由一个爆破音和后面擦音组成。

Another way to think of this is stop sound plus fricative sound equals affricate.

另一个思法爆破音加上擦音等于破擦音。

Another type of consonant is a Fricative.

另一种辅音摩擦音。

The English alveolar approximant, the Spanish trill, the French uvular fricative?

英国齿槽音、西班牙颤音、法国小舌擦音？

So fff, and vvv are fricatives.

所以 fff 和 vvv 擦音。

Sss, zzz are fricatives. Thh, vvv are Fricatives too.

Sss, zzz 擦音。 Thh, vvv 也擦音。

In some cases, voiceless fricatives began to be pronounced like an " f" (e.g. laugh, cough).

在某情况下，清擦音开始像“f”一样发音（例如笑、咳嗽）。

The rule reads: a voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound.

规则如下：浊摩擦音出现在清音之前时， 将转换为相应清音。

All of such sounds are voiced and they are collectively labelled SONORANTS.The stops and fricatives, which have distinction of voicing, are collectively called OBSTRUENTS.

如果不需要区分带声性话，只用两个词描述即可，如 [m] 双唇鼻音，[j] 硬腭通音，[h] 声门擦音。鉴于英语只有 [1] 这一个边音，既可以称作齿龈边音，也可以直接简称为边音。在英语元音符号形式上，不同作者曾使用不同符号来表示。本书采用主要英语词典中通用符号体系来转写 RP 元音 (表 2 - 2)，注意这不直接从国际音标表中复制，而基于国际音标表一种适用于英语发音描述变通版本。