The functionally graded layers are inhomogeneous along the thickness direction, while the piezoelectric layer is homogeneous;both possess material orthotropy.
假设上下功能梯度层的材料参数沿厚度连续变化，而压电层
匀材料，
且它们
交各向异性的。
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Although these studies have made progress in solving the deformation problems of shield tunnels under extreme surcharge, they generally fail to account for the inhomogeneous nature of the tunnel structure and the discontinuous deformation at joints.
尽管这些研
在解决极端加长作用下盾
变形问题方面取得了进展，但总体上未能解决结不均匀性和节理处不连续变形问题。
表面一定是
方也各不相
