Another complication is when the reflux goes all the way back up to the pharynx, and then into the larynx, in which case it can cause laryngitis or even asthma.

另一个并发症是至咽部，然后进入喉时，它会引起喉炎，甚至哮喘。

Acute laryngitis usually lasts for less than three weeks, and usually resolves on its own, although antibiotics are helpful for bacterial laryngitis.

急性喉炎通常病程不超过3周，具有自限性，但抗生素对菌感染性喉炎很有效。

Finally, there's overuse of the voice, like yelling or a really prolonged karaoke session involving the Beatles, that could lead to both acute and chronic laryngitis.

最后，过度发声，比如大喊大叫，或是长时间唱披头士的卡拉OK，会导致急性或慢性喉炎。

So laryngitis comes down to the three D's: dysphonia, dysphagia, and dyspnea.

我们把喉炎归纳于3个D：dysphonia发音困难、dysphagia吞咽困难、dyspnea呼吸困难。

In acute laryngitis, the goblet cells to over secrete mucus leading to congestion of the airway, and immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages release chemicals that cause pain and swelling.

急性喉炎中，杯状胞分泌过多黏液，导致气道阻塞；免疫胞如中性粒胞、巨噬胞释放化学物质产生疼痛和肿胀感。

Alright, as a quick recap, laryngitis is inflammation of the vocal cords and it causes dysphonia, dysphagia, and dyspnea.

得！快速回顾一下：喉炎是一种声带的炎症，产生发音困难、吞咽困难、呼吸困难的临床表现。

For chronic laryngitis, though, laryngoscopy can be useful.

但对于慢性喉炎，喉镜很有价值。

For chronic laryngitis, it's important to treat the underlying issue, for example, using allergy medication, avoiding irritating agents, and using gastroesophageal reflux medications.

对于慢性喉炎，处理原发病很重要，比如施用抗过敏药物、避开过敏原以及施用抗胃食管药物。

An ENT doctor is trained to treat a wide range of conditions including ear infections, hearing loss, sinusitis, allergies, tonsillitis, laryngitis and cancers of the head and neck, as well as being experts of airway management.

耳鼻喉科医生接受过广，可以治疗包括耳部感染、听力损失、鼻窦炎、过敏、扁桃体炎、喉炎以及头颈癌等多种疾病，并且他们是气道管理方面的专家。

Nanon went to bolt the outer door; then she closed the hall and let loose a wolf-dog, whose bark was so strangled that he seemed to have laryngitis.

娜侬去锁外门；然后她关上了大厅，并放出了一只狼狗，这只狗的叫声如此嘶哑，仿佛得了喉炎。

Maybe she had laryngitis that day, or her voice was strained from touring for too long, or maybe she spent all day yelling at a moose.

也许那天她喉咙发炎了，或是因长时间巡演声音疲惫，又或许她一整天都在对着一头驼鹿大喊大叫。

Bacterial infections are another cause of acute laryngitis, and sometimes they can develop during or right after a viral infection - that's called a superinfection.

菌感染是急性喉炎的另一大常见病因，有时可伴发或继发于病毒感染，即二重感染。

Little bit of bad news, Teddy's got some laryngitis.

呃 出了点小状况 泰迪咽喉发炎了。

I'm battling laryngitis today, as you can hear, so my voice will be even more annoying than usual.

我今天正在跟喉炎作斗争，正如你听到的，我的声音会比平时更让人烦躁。

The main symptoms of laryngitis include hoarse voice or dysphonia, as well as cough, and in severe cases it can lead to difficulty swallowing or dysphagia, because the swollen larynx may compress the esophagus.

喉炎的主要临床表现为声嘶、咳嗽，严重者可导致吞咽困难，因为喉水肿会压迫食管。

But Bill's come down with laryngitis.

但比尔得了喉炎。

In chronic laryngitis the normal columnar cells undergo dysplasia, which is when they transform into squamous epithelium to adapt to the chronic irritation.

慢性喉炎中，正常柱状胞异型增生转变为鳞状上皮胞，来适应慢性刺激。

Acute laryngitis is most common and it's usually due to an upper respiratory tract infection, most often due to a virus.

急性喉炎是最常见的，通常由于上呼吸道感染，最常见病因为病毒感染。

Diagnosis of acute laryngitis is mainly based on symptoms.

急性喉炎的诊断主要基于症状。

Reflux laryngitis is another cause of chronic laryngitis and develops in people with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease where acid from the stomach goes all the way up the esophagus into the pharynx.

性喉炎是另一个慢性喉炎的病因，见于严重胃食管病的患者：胃酸通过食管，向上进入咽部。