Essentially what happens is the messenger will dock, a ligand will dock with the receptor.

基本上发生的情况是，信使会与结合，也会与结合。

And so the epinephrine is what's called a ligand.

因此，肾上腺素被。

You also have nuclear receptors and the ability of certain things, we call them ligands, but these are chemicals, right?

你还有核， 以及某些物质的能力，我们它们， 但些是化学物质，对吧？

And so what'll happen is that ligand will attach to the G-protein.

因此，接下来发生的情况是，会附着G蛋白上。

In the best-case scenario, with no particles and lots of these iron-binding ligands, I suspect the scale is not big enough to actually help.

最好的情况下，没有颗粒，并且有大量与铁结合的，我觉得个规模也不够大，无法起到降温作用。

And so a ligand is going to be a chemical.

因此，是一种化学物质。

These plants deal with nickel by capturing it with molecules called ligands, which bind to nickel atoms and prevent them from reacting with other chemicals.

尖尾木桐通过将分子与镍原子结合，来防止镍原子和其他化学元素发生反应。

A ligand is a chemical that can't make entry into the cell, but it's going to attach to the receptor.

是一种无法进入细胞的化学物质，但它会附着上。

Now once we don't have that ligand attached anymore, we don't make that cAMP, then the whole thing is going to shut down again.

一旦不再有附着，环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）的生成就会停止，整个信号转导过程也将再次关闭。

And also ligands that bound four metal ions in very close proximity and what effect would they have on species that became attached to them.

此外，还有那些紧密结合四个金属离子的，它们对附着其上的物种会产生何种影响。

On the other hand, some bacteria and phytoplankton produce substances called ligands that can keep iron soluble in the water and make it available for them to use.

另一方面，一些细菌和浮游植物会产生一种叫做的物质，种物质可以使铁水中保持溶解状态，并让植物能够利用铁。

For example, you can assume that your reader knows how a gene works, or how receptor ligand binding works, or what a T test is.

例如，您可以假设您的读者知道基因的工作原理，或者结合的工作原理，或者什么是 T 测试。

And so what happens is when that ligand attaches, in this case epinephrine, with the G-protein it causes a conformational change in that protein.

于是，当（此例中肾上腺素）与G蛋白结合时，会引起该蛋白质的构象变化。

Well, when I talked about the signal transduction pathways, the one that you're probably familiar with was how a ligand can bind to the G protein.

嗯， 当我谈到信号转导路径时，你可能熟悉的一个例子是如何与G蛋白结合。

Then CellID defines the receiver's current state, and NichNet looks at that state and asks, OK, which incoming signals, which ligands, are most likely causing this specific state?

随后，CellID定义了接收细胞当前的状态，而NicheNet会分析该状态，并询问：哪些传入信号（即）最有可能导致种特定状态？

They looked at the immune receptor PD-1 on T cells and its ligand PD-L1, often found in coumar cells or other immune cells, which acts as a brake on the T cell response.

他们研究了T细胞上的免疫PD-1及其PD-L1，后者常见于库马尔细胞或其他免疫细胞中，起到抑制T细胞反应的作用。

To answer that, the researchers on board the Palmer are measuring how fast particles in different regions of the Amundsen Sea sink, where they are and in what concentration they are found-and the same for the ligands.

了回答个问题，帕尔默号上的研究人员正测量阿蒙森海不同区域的颗粒下沉速度、它们哪里被发现、浓度如何--同时也对做了同样的研究。

At the time, I'd been playing with organic ligands that bind two metal ions in close proximity but leaving a gap where interesting things may or may not happen, might or might not have happened.

当时，我正研究有机， 些能两个金属离子间形成紧密结合， 但中间留有一个间隙，个间隙可能发生也可能未发生一些有趣的现象。

If NichNet points to a specific ligand as being highly active, likely driving the receiver's gene expression, Scriban then increases the weight of interactions involving that specific ligand.

如果NicheNet指出某个特定活性很高，很可能驱动接收细胞的基因表达，Scriabin便会增加涉及该特定的相互作用的权重。

For immune cells like T and B cells that means having the right ligand or surface molecule to get through the blood brain barrier, this is kind of like having the a VIP pass to get into an exclusive club.

对于免疫细胞来说，比如T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞，有相合的或表面分子就可以通过血脑屏障，有点像拥有了VIP通行权才能进入私人俱乐部。