One level of a secondary metabolite from plants may be a beneficial hormetic stress for one person while at the same time being a detrimental toxin for another.

来自植物某一种次级代谢物对某一些人有益同时对另一个是人有害毒素。

Enzymes can both activate drugs, by breaking them down into their therapeutic ingredients from more complex molecules, and deactivate them, by breaking harmful compounds down into harmless metabolites.

酶以通过将药物从复杂分子结构有效治疗成分从而激活药物；也以通过将有害化合物分成无害代谢物，从而失活药物。

Unfortunately, ethanol and toxic alcohol metabolites like acetaldehyde also pass freely through the placenta, but the fetal liver doesn't have the necessary enzymes to metabolize them, so they build up inside the fetus really fast.

不幸是，乙醇及有毒酒精代谢产物，如乙醛，也自由通过胎盘，而胎儿肝脏却没有分这些物质所必需酶，因此它们以在胎儿体内快速积聚。

Diagnosis of neuroblastoma usually starts with testing for HMA and VMA in the blood or urine, since high levels those metabolites may indicate tumors that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.

对于神经母细胞瘤诊断，通常先检测血或尿中HMA和VMA，这是因为代谢产物含量高提示肿瘤在释放肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素。

So first, less blood gets to the liver, causing diminished liver function and decreased blood detoxification, which leads to a buildup of toxic metabolites, like ammonia in the blood.

所以首先，回到肝脏血流减少导致肝功下、分血液中毒素下，进而导致毒性代谢产物生成，例如血氨。

They found that the bacterial and fungal species on the grapes corresponded to a certain chemical fingerprint—a mix of metabolites—in the finished wines.

他们发现，在成品葡萄酒中，葡萄上细菌和真菌物种与一个特定化学指纹图谱相对应，其对应就是代谢物混合体。

The reason why our bodies can't synthesize Vitamin C is due to lack of an enzyme that catalyzes intermediate metabolites into Vitamin C.

我们身体不合成维生素 C 原因是缺乏一种将中间代谢产物催化成维生素 C 酶。

But, brewing that blistering secondary metabolite is taxing on a plant, so it sacrifices other qualities such as flavors, sizes, and colors.

但是，生出灼热次生代谢产物对植物来说是一种负担，所以辣椒生长牺牲了其他品质，如味道、大小和颜色。

Furthermore, it causes the buildup of the earlier metabolites like porphobilinogen and aminolevulinic acid, which can be toxic to the body.

这会进一步导致大量生成早期代谢产物，比如卟胆原、氨基乙酰丙酸，对机体有害。

Hannah T. Reynolds at Ohio State University and her teamwanted to better understand the evolution and function of these secondary metabolites.

俄亥俄州立大学 Hannah T. Reynolds 和她团队希望更好地了这些次级代谢物进化和功。

After 48 hours, when nicotine and its metabolites are completely eliminated from your body, damaged nerve endings begin to regrow.

48小时后，尼古丁和其他代谢物从身体中完全排除，受损神经末梢会开始重新生长。

So city residents are burdened with more chemicals, including metabolites of cleaners, detergents and paints, in and on their bodies.

因此，城市居民更多地承受化学物质之苦，包括我们体内外清洁剂、去污剂和涂料和涂料代谢产物。

Researchers can comb the cerebrospinal fluid for this metabolite for an indirect measurement of serotonin.

研究人员以通过检测这种代谢物在脑脊液中浓度，从而间接地测量出 5-羟色胺水平。

Now, the acute attacks are likely due to the build up of the toxic metabolites.

急性发作是由于有毒代谢物累积。

These researchers hypothesized that the secondary metabolites deter mycophagy.

研究人员假设次级代谢物阻止了真菌吞噬。

So all mitochondria use oxygen and metabolites to create energy and have their own DNA, but mitochondrial DNA varies more across species than other DNA.

因此，所有线粒体都使用氧气和代谢物来产生量，并有自己 DNA。与其他 DNA 相比，线粒体 DNA 在不同物种间差异更大。

After the game is over, and the hormones are no longer needed, epinephrine and norepinephrine break down into metabolites like homovanillic acid or HMA, and vanillylmandelic acid, or VMA.

在比赛结束而不再需要这些激素时，肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素分成代谢产物，例如高香草酸（HMA）和香草扁桃酸（VMA）。

But brewing that blistering secondary metabolite is taxing on a plant, so it sacrifices other qualities, such as flavor, sizes and colors.

但酿造这种起泡次生代谢物对植物来说是一种负担，所以它会牺牲其他品质，比如味道、大小和颜色。

I'm talking about secondary metabolites, or " plant toxins."

它们会产生次级代谢产物，或以叫它“植物毒素”。

Amatoxins are secondary metabolites, meaning they're not essential for mushroom growth or survival.

鹅膏毒素是次级代谢物，这意味着它们对蘑菇生长或生存并不是必需。