This is a simple sugar, or monosaccharide.

这是一种结构简单的，或者叫单。

So simple sugars, whether they're natural or added, are mixtures of monosaccharides or disaccharides.

前述的简单类，不管是天然还是添加，都是单与双的混物。

These are maltase, sucrase, and lactase, which break down the short chains of sugars called oligosaccharides into simple sugars, called monosaccharides.

它们包括麦芽酶、蔗酶与乳酶；它们能将称为寡的短链分解成简单类，或称单。

The main thing you need to know is that the monosaccharide glucose is the be-all-end-all molecular fuel that your cells need to make ATP.

你要知道的主要事情是单葡萄是你细胞磷酸腺苷所的最重要的分子燃料。

Finally, there's the monosaccharide, galactose, known as milk sugar.

最后还有一种单叫半乳，常与乳相提并论。

Now when you eat something like a piece of onion bread, enzymes start breaking down disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides into monosaccharides so they can be absorbed.

当你吃东西时，比方说一片洋葱面包，消化酶便开始将食物中的双、寡、多分解为单，以便人体吸收。

When energy is needed - all three monosaccharides are metabolized through glycolysis, then the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

当机体要能量时，种单就会通过酵解、羧酸循环、氧化磷酸化进行能量代谢。

Another monosaccharide is fructose which is commonly found in honey, fruits, and root vegetables.

另有一种单称为果，通常存在于蜂蜜、水果和根类蔬菜里。

So you have monosaccharides, which is like glucose, fructose, like the individual sugars, then you have the polysaccharides, which is like starches, like multiple molecules combined into one, two, into long chains, right?

所以你有单，比如葡萄、果，就是单独的，然后你有多，比如淀粉，就是多个分子结成一个长链，对吧？

Glucose is the most important member of the sugar family and it's a monosaccharide.

葡萄是类大家族中最重要的一员，它是一种单。

During digestion, your body breaks down those complex carbohydrates into their monosaccharide building blocks, which your cells can use for energy.

在消化过程中，身体将这些复碳水化物分解成单结构单元，细胞便能利用这些单来获取能量。

These are what we call monosaccharides.

这些就是我们所说的单。

The individual monosaccharides that result from the digestion of larger carbohydrate molecules - glucose, fructose, and galactose - cross the gut lining and get into the bloodstream to get used by the body.

从大分子碳水化物水解而来的单分子（包括葡萄、果、半乳）可经肠壁吸收入血供机体利用。

But in fiber, the bonds between monosaccharide molecules are beta bonds, which your body can't break down.

但在纤维中， 单分子间的连接是β键，这是人体无法分解的。

Different enzymes help to break different linkages - for example amylases break down large polysaccharides like starch into smaller units, whereas lactase, sucrase, and maltase break down lactose, sucrose, and maltose into their monosaccharides.

不同的消化酶能分解特定的链，比如淀粉酶可以将淀粉等多分解为小分子的，而乳酶、蔗酶、麦芽酶则分别可将乳、蔗、麦芽降解为相应的单。

Monosaccharides link together through glycosidic bonding, which is when an " OH" from the carbon on one monosaccharide bonds with an " H" from the carbon of another monosaccharide.

单之间通过苷键连接，即一个单分子碳原子上的羟基与另一个单分子碳原子上的氢原子缩。

In the case of maltose, that leaves an alpha 1-4-glycosidic bond which is a bond between carbon number 1 of one glucose monosaccharide and carbon number 4 of the other glucose monosaccharide.

以麦芽为例，这个缩过程形成的苷键称为α-1，4苷键，即一个葡萄分子的1号碳与另一个葡萄分子的4号碳相连接。