This is a simple sugar, or monosaccharide.

这是一种结构简的糖，或者叫糖。

Glucose is the most important member of the sugar family and it's a monosaccharide.

葡萄糖是糖类大家族中最重要的一员，它是一种糖。

Finally, there's the monosaccharide, galactose, known as milk sugar.

最后还有一种糖叫半乳糖，常与乳糖相提并论。

So simple sugars, whether they're natural or added, are mixtures of monosaccharides or disaccharides.

前述的简糖类，不管是天然糖还是添加糖，都是糖与双糖的混合物。

Another monosaccharide is fructose which is commonly found in honey, fruits, and root vegetables.

另有一种糖称为果糖，通常存在于蜂蜜、水果和根类蔬菜里。

These are maltase, sucrase, and lactase, which break down the short chains of sugars called oligosaccharides into simple sugars, called monosaccharides.

它们包括麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶与乳糖酶；它们能将称为寡糖的短链聚合糖分解成简糖类，或称糖。

These are what we call monosaccharides.

这些就是我们所说的糖。

When energy is needed - all three monosaccharides are metabolized through glycolysis, then the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

当机体需要能量时，三种糖就会通过糖酵解、三环、氧化磷化进行能量代谢。

But in fiber, the bonds between monosaccharide molecules are beta bonds, which your body can't break down.

但在纤维中， 糖分子间的连接是β键，这是人体无法分解的。

The main thing you need to know is that the monosaccharide glucose is the be-all-end-all molecular fuel that your cells need to make ATP.

你需要知道的主要事情是糖葡萄糖是你细胞制造三磷腺苷所需的最重要的分子燃料。

During digestion, your body breaks down those complex carbohydrates into their monosaccharide building blocks, which your cells can use for energy.

在消化过程中，身体将这些复合碳水化合物分解成糖结构元，细胞便能利用这些糖来获取能量。

Now when you eat something like a piece of onion bread, enzymes start breaking down disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides into monosaccharides so they can be absorbed.

当你吃东西时，比方说一片洋葱面包，消化酶便开始将食物中的双糖、寡糖、多糖分解为糖，以便人体吸收。

The individual monosaccharides that result from the digestion of larger carbohydrate molecules - glucose, fructose, and galactose - cross the gut lining and get into the bloodstream to get used by the body.

从大分子碳水化合物水解而来的糖分子（包括葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖）可经肠壁吸收入血供机体利用。

Different enzymes help to break different linkages - for example amylases break down large polysaccharides like starch into smaller units, whereas lactase, sucrase, and maltase break down lactose, sucrose, and maltose into their monosaccharides.

不同的消化酶能分解特定的糖链，比如淀粉酶可以将淀粉等多糖分解为小分子的糖，而乳糖酶、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶则分别可将乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖降解为相应的糖。

So you have monosaccharides, which is like glucose, fructose, like the individual sugars, then you have the polysaccharides, which is like starches, like multiple molecules combined into one, two, into long chains, right?

所以你有糖，比如葡萄糖、果糖，就是独的糖，然后你有多糖，比如淀粉，就是多个分子结合成一个长链，对吧？

Monosaccharides link together through glycosidic bonding, which is when an " OH" from the carbon on one monosaccharide bonds with an " H" from the carbon of another monosaccharide.

糖之间通过糖苷键连接，即一个糖分子碳原子上的羟基与另一个糖分子碳原子上的氢原子缩合。

In the case of maltose, that leaves an alpha 1-4-glycosidic bond which is a bond between carbon number 1 of one glucose monosaccharide and carbon number 4 of the other glucose monosaccharide.

以麦芽糖为例，这个缩合过程形成的糖苷键称为α-1，4糖苷键，即一个葡萄糖分子的1号碳与另一个葡萄糖分子的4号碳相连接。