A small number of companies that control an industry is called an oligopoly.

少数控制一个行业称为寡头垄断。

The last type are oligopolies, and that's what we're gonna focus on today.

最后一类市场是寡头垄断，这是我们今天要关注。

For one thing, it remains an entrenched oligopoly.

首先，它仍然是一个根深蒂固寡头垄断。

Why are we talking about the fact that groceries are unaffordable thanks to oligopoly policies?

为什么我们要谈论由于寡头垄断政策而买不起食品这一事实？

Without the competition of international trade to keep them on their toes, domestic companies might become an oligopoly less accountable to the demands of their customers.

如果没有国际贸易竞争让它们保持警觉，国内可能会变成一个寡头垄断，对客户求不太负责。

Warren Buffett, a man who knows an oligopoly when he sees one, bought nearly $10bn-worth of airline stock in 2016.

巴菲特很善于发现寡头垄断，2016年，他买入了价值近100亿美元航空股票。

Oligopolies are all over the place.

寡头垄断无处不在。

Now, when few firms have a large majority of market share, it's called an oligopoly.

几家拥有绝大多数市场份额情况称为寡头垄断。

Economists like to explain oligopolies and game theory by creating something called a payoff matrix.

经济学家们喜欢通过创造一种叫做收益矩阵东西来解释寡头垄断和博弈论。

Now, payoff scenarios for companies are never this transparent, but the matrix says a lot about oligopolies.

收益情况从来都不是透，是这个矩阵说了寡头垄断很多问题。

Oligopolies are markets that have high barriers to entry and are controlled by a few large companies.

寡头垄断是指准入门槛很高，并由几家大控制市场。

The lifeblood of the digital economy to an oligopoly of cloud providers.

数字经济命脉掌握在少数几家云服务提供商手中。

1838. French economist Augustin Cournot describes competition in oligopolies.

1838年，法国经济学家奥古斯丁·古诺描述了寡头垄断中竞争现象。

We live in an oligopoly here in America, all right?

我们生活在美国寡头垄断市场中，对吧？

It's like, if you do have this future where, let's say we have an oligopoly of companies that sort of own the models that mediate your relationship with these digital characters, right?

就像， 如果你有这样一个未来，假设有一群大基本上掌控了这些调节你与数字角色关系模型，对吧？

When Nubank was founded in 2013, Brazilian banking was an oligopoly: six lenders controlled nearly 80% of the industry's assets.

2013年Nubank创立时，巴西银行业是一个寡头垄断市场：六家银行掌控了该行业近80%资产。客户服务并未受到重视。

The world of high fashion appears fragmented with so many brands, but in reality, it's an industry  of oligopolies.

高端时尚界看似品牌众多， 四分五裂，实际上这是一个寡头垄断行业。

But an oligopoly of rivals is much better than a monopoly.

是，多寡头竞争格局，总比一家独大垄断格局好很多。

Markets controlled by monopolies, oligopolies or cartels require a separate analysis.

由垄断、寡头或卡特尔控制市场要单独分析。

Here, you see that this industrial model goes hand in hand with these oligopolies that control the whole food chain and make it very difficult also for the farmers who want to stay independent.

在这里，你可以看到这种工业模式与控制整个食品链寡头垄断紧密相连， 这使得那些希望保持独立农民也面临极大困难。