A small number of companies that control an industry is called an oligopoly.

少数控制一个行业的公司被称为头断。

Economists like to explain oligopolies and game theory by creating something called a payoff matrix.

经济学家们喜欢通过创造一种叫做收益矩阵的东西来头断和博弈论。

The last type are oligopolies, and that's what we're gonna focus on today.

最后一类市场是头断，这是我们今天要关注的。

For one thing, it remains an entrenched oligopoly.

首先，它仍然是一个根深蒂固的头断。

Why are we talking about the fact that groceries are unaffordable thanks to oligopoly policies?

为什么我们要谈论由于头断政策而买不起食品这一事实？

Now, when few firms have a large majority of market share, it's called an oligopoly.

几家公司拥有绝大数市场份额的情况被称为头断。

Now, payoff scenarios for companies are never this transparent, but the matrix says a lot about oligopolies.

公司的收益情况从来都不是透明的，但是这个矩阵说明了头断的很。

A new species of big beast had reared its head: vast state-controlled oligopolies from emerging markets.

来自新兴市场的庞大国有头断企业。

Warren Buffett, a man who knows an oligopoly when he sees one, bought nearly $10bn-worth of airline stock in 2016.

巴菲特很善于发现头断，2016年，他买入了价值近100亿美元的航空公司股票。

Oligopolies are markets that have high barriers to entry and are controlled by a few large companies.

头断是指准入门槛很高，并由几家大公司控制的市场。

Oligopolies are all over the place.

头断无处不在。

The lifeblood of the digital economy to an oligopoly of cloud providers.

数字经济的命脉掌握在少数几家云服务提供商手中。

1838. French economist Augustin Cournot describes competition in oligopolies.

1838年，法国经济学家奥古斯丁·古诺描述了头断中的竞争现象。

We live in an oligopoly here in America, all right?

我们生活在美国的头断市场中，对吧？

But an oligopoly of rivals is much better than a monopoly.

但是，头竞争的格局，总比一家独大的断格局好很。

Markets controlled by monopolies, oligopolies or cartels require a separate analysis.

由断、头或卡特尔控制的市场需要单独分析。

Monopolies, oligopolies, and cartels also produce economic results very different from those of a free market.

断、头断和卡特尔也产生与自由市场截然不同的经济结果。

The world of high fashion appears fragmented with so many brands, but in reality, it's an industry  of oligopolies.

高端时尚界看似品牌众， 四分五裂，但实际上这是一个头断的行业。

In America digital markets are shifting towards oligopolies, in which second and third firms compete vigorously against the incumbent.

在美国，数字市场正进入头断的局面，第二名和第三名与现任龙头老大展开激烈竞争。

When Nubank was founded in 2013, Brazilian banking was an oligopoly: six lenders controlled nearly 80% of the industry's assets.

2013年Nubank创立时，巴西银行业是一个头断市场：六家银行掌控了该行业近80%的资产。客户服务并未受到重视。