If osteoporosis is really advanced, teriparatide, a recombinant parathyroid hormone can be used.

如果骨质疏松十分严重，可以使用特立帕肽这种重组甲状素治疗。

It turns out, though, that parathyroid hormone also shuts this down.

不过，事实证明甲状素也会阻止这种反应。

Ok, now let's have a quick look at parathyroid hormone.

好，来看甲状的功能。

This affects the amount of parathyroid hormone that gets released by the parathyroid gland.

这从而会影响甲状释放甲状素的量。

As calcium levels in the blood fall, parathyroid hormone is released, causing the bones to lose calcium.

随着血钙降低，甲状素释放，导致溶骨作用。

Additionally, parathyroid hormone can boost 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity, which forms more active vitamin D, increasing gut absorption of calcium.

此，甲状素可以增加1-α-羟化酶的活性，从而形成更多有活性的维生素D，增加肠道对钙的。

Now, that calcium's still in the lumen, but parathyroid hormone also affects the distal convoluted tubule and increases calcium reabsorption.

这时，钙仍然在腔内，但甲状素也会影响远曲小管，增加对钙的。

When the body's levels of extracellular calcium change, it's detected by a surface receptor in parathyroid cells called the calcium-sensing receptor.

当人体细胞钙水平改变时，会被甲状细胞中的一种表面受体钙敏感受体检测到。

Now, that calcium's still in the lumen, though, but parathyroid hormone also affects the distal convoluted tubule and increases calcium reabsorption.

现在，钙仍然在腔内，但是甲状素也会影响远曲小管增加钙的。

The main endocrine glands are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and gonads.

主要的内分泌为垂体、甲状、甲状、肾上、胰和性。

PTH is produced in the parathyroid gland, while calcitriol is made in the kidney.

甲状产生甲状素，肾脏产生骨化三醇。

The amount of calcium and circulation is mainly regulated by two hormones parathyroid hormone(PTH) and calcitriol.

钙含量和循环主要受甲状素（PTH）和骨化三醇两种素调节。

The parathyroid glands are four masses of tissue, two embedded posterior in each lateral mass of the thyroid gland.

3。甲状有四个组织块，成对地嵌在甲状每个侧叶的后部。

The most common cause of hypocalcemia is PTH deficiency, resulting from decreased function of the parathyroid glands or hypoparathyroidism.

低钙血症最常见的原因是甲状功能降低或甲状功能低下引起的PTH缺乏。

Now, even though parathyroid hormone stimulates bone resorption, it's been found that intermittent injections with teriparatide activates osteoblasts more than osteoclasts, therefore increasing bone formation.

其实，即使甲状素刺骨，研究发现间歇性注射特立帕肽活了更多造骨细胞而非破骨细胞，从而增强骨生长。

Lastly, parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption and reduces the reabsorption of phosphate from the kidneys, so more phosphate is excreted through the urine.

最后，甲状素可以促进肾脏对钙的重，而减少对磷酸盐的重，因此导致尿磷升高。

Also, people with the genetic disease DiGeorge syndrome, often born with parathyroid glands that are too small and can't produce enough parathyroid hormone.

或是由于患有DiGeorge综合症，生来甲状就太小，不能产生足够的甲状素。

Now, the levels of calcium and phosphate in the bone, but also in the blood, are regulated by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone, or PTH.

钙和磷不仅存在于骨中，也存在于血液中，钙磷含量的调节受维生素D和甲状素（PTH）调控。

This can result in conditions like primary hyperparathyroidism which result in too much parathyroid hormone, which leads to excess phosphate being excreted in the urine.

这可能引发原发性甲状功能亢进，会造成甲状素过多，导致过多的磷酸盐从尿液中排出。

We have teriparatide, which is a parathyroid hormone analogue that also reduces fracture risk and increases bone mineral density in patients with osteoporosis.

我们还有特立帕肽，这是一种甲状素类似物，能够降低骨质疏松症患者的骨折风险，并增加骨密度。