The next branch on the phylogenetic tree is liverworts.

系树上的下一个分支是苔类植物。

Sequence alignment, building phylogenetic trees to look at evolutionary relationships.

序列排列，建立系树来观察进化关系。

It's confusing, I am aware, but phylogenetics is hard.

这很令人困惑，我知道，但系学很难。

And based on these haplogroups, they used mathematical models to come up with an evolutionary, or phylogenetic, tree.

基于这单倍群，他们使用数学模型提出了进化树或系树。

As I've mentioned before a phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram showing the relationships between species.

正如我之前提到的，系树是一个显示物种之关系的分支图。

The species that use features of language in their communications have few obvious geographical or phylogenetic similarities.

在交流中使用语言特征的物种几乎没有明显的地理或系相似性。

This family tree diagram is called a phylogenetic tree or cladogram.

该家谱图称为系树或分支图。

As we find new species of dinosaurs, we need to place these new finds in our phylogenetic tree.

当我们现的恐龙物种时，我们需要将这现放入我们的系树中。

When the fossil evidence didn't have all the answers, the team used a scientific technique known as phylogenetic bracketing.

当化石证据不能提供所有答案时，该团队使用了一种称为系括号法的科学技术。

It is an interesting challenge to develop a phylogenetic tree with the fewest number of changes.

开变化最少的系树是一项有趣的挑战。

We use a computer program to help us develop phylogenetic trees.

我们使用计算机程序来帮助我们开系树。

Phylogenetic analyses work best when there are lots and lots of characters.

当有很多字符时，系分析最有效。

Phylogenetic trees are constructed using the principle of parsimony.

系树是使用简约原则构建的。

The hypothesis was plausible, but to  test if the timing actually matched up, the researchers then performed  a phylogenetic analysis.

这个假设是合理的， 但为了测试时是否确实匹配，研究人员随后进行了系分析。

DrSicoli thus turned to computational phylogenetic analysis, an area of linguistic research that tries to work out whether and how such interaction may have taken place.

因此，西里科利斯转向利用计算系分析，一个试图找出语言如何相互交流的研究领域。

This is called phylogenetic bracketing -- using the presence of traits across related species to make an educated guess where those traits might occur.

这被称为系括号法——利用相关物种中存在的特征来对这特征可能出现的位置进行有根据的猜测。

In addition, you'll interact with dinosaur bones and phylogenetic trees, using an interactive module built just for your use in this course.

此外，您将使用专门为您在本课程中使用而构建的交互式模块，与恐龙骨骼和系树进行交互。

So without that proof, paleontologists have to rely on inferences, based on closely related animals for which they do have hard evidence, a technique known as phylogenetic bracketing.

因此，如果没有这一证据，古生物学家就不得不依赖于他们确实有确凿证据的密切相关的动物的推论，这种技术被称为系括号法。

We can get a feel for how these plant types came to be by referring to the plant kingdom's phylogenetic tree, a diagram that shows us how organisms evolved over time.

我们可以通过参考植物界的系树来了解这植物类型是如何形成的，这张图向我们展示了生物体是如何随着时进化的。

The search for the components of language in nonhuman animals now extends to the far reaches of our phylogenetic tree, encompassing creatures that may communicate in radically unfamiliar ways.

对非人类动物语言成分的探索现已延伸到我们系树的最深处，涵盖了可能以完全不熟悉的方式进行交流的生物。