Sequence alignment, building phylogenetic trees to look at evolutionary relationships.

序列排列，建立发育树来观察进关。

The next branch on the phylogenetic tree is liverworts.

发育树上下一个支是苔类植物。

DrSicoli thus turned to computational phylogenetic analysis, an area of linguistic research that tries to work out whether and how such interaction may have taken place.

因此，西里科利斯转向利用计算析，一个试图找出语言如何相互交流研究领域。

The team obtained the first chromosome-level nonhuman primate genome and developed the phylogenetic relationship to understand the evolutionary process of social systems in Asian colobines, according to a release from the university.

根据该大学一份新闻稿，该团队获得了第一个染色体水平非人灵长类物基因组，并发展了发育关，以了解亚洲叶猴社会进过程。

Studying homologous and analogous traits, evolutionary history, and other relationships among living things is called phylogenetics.

研究生物之间同源和类似特征、进史和其他关被称为遗传学。

We can get a feel for how these plant types came to be by referring to the plant kingdom's phylogenetic tree, a diagram that shows us how organisms evolved over time.

我们可以通过参考植物界发育树来了解这些植物类型是如何形成，这张图向我们展示了生物体是如何随着时间进。

Keeping track of who's related to who can get messy, so we study animal relationships using a diagram called a phylogeny or a phylogenetic tree.

记录谁与谁是有关会变得很混乱，因此我们利用一个图示来研究物关，那就是发生树，或进树。

And so this is a phylogenetic tree of vertebrates.

这是一棵脊椎物发育树。

And honestly, he did have phylogenetic ideas in some of his papers, no question.

坦白说，他在一些论文中确实提出了发育观点，这是毋庸置疑。

What do you mean by a phylogenetic toolkit?

你所说“发育工具箱”是什么意思？

So we took this information of temperature and precipitation to reconstruct the type of climate and then we extracted this type of climate from the locations that we reconstructed with this phylogenetic method.

于是我们将温度和降水数据结合起来，重建了当时气候类型，然后通过发育方法重建地点中提取了这种气候类型。

They've applied what I've described as the phylogenetic approach to myths, comparing these elements and working out how they are related to each other and how they might have evolved.

他们采用了我所说神话发育方法，比较了这些元素， 并推算出它们彼此之间关以及它们可能演变过程。

This is called phylogenetic bracketing -- using the presence of traits across related species to make an educated guess where those traits might occur.

这被称为发育夹带——利用相关物种中特征存在来推测这些特征可能出现在哪里。

When the fossil evidence didn't have all the answers, the team used a scientific technique known as phylogenetic bracketing.

当石证据不能提供所有答案时，该团队使用了一种称为发育括号法科学技术。

And based on these haplogroups, they used mathematical models to come up with an evolutionary, or phylogenetic, tree.

并且基于这些单倍群，他们使用数学模型构建了一个进树， 或者说发育树。

Phylogenetic analyses work best when there are lots and lots of characters.

当有很多字符时，发育析最有效。

Most work was still done in the natural history mode, which emphasized morphological and phylogenetic analysis over experiment-based causal explanations.

大部工作仍在自然历史模式下进行，这种模式强调形态学和发生析，而不是基于实验因果解释。

So that's phylogenetics and I hope that's helpful.

所以这就是发育学，希望对你有帮助。

Yes, extant crocodiles are their closest living cousins, but there's a lot of extinct diversity in there, a lot going on, and phylogenetics is what helped us untangle all of those complex relationships.

是，现存鳄鱼是它们最近活体亲戚，但其中还存在大量已灭绝多样性，各种演关错综复杂，而发育学帮助我们理清了这些复杂亲缘关。

The hypothesis was plausible, but to  test if the timing actually matched up, the researchers then performed  a phylogenetic analysis.

该假设是合理， 但为了测试时间是否确实吻合，研究人员随后进行了发育析。