Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids.

一些基因会通过被称为的DNA小环交换。

They also have extra little tiny loops called plasmids.

它们还具有额外的小环，称为。

I did all these experiments actually, with my own hands, I was 58 years old, I was still culturing plasmids and feeding cells, so it is very unlikely.

实际上，所有这些实验都是我亲手做的，当时我 58 岁，我还在培养和喂养细胞，所以这是非常不可能的。

However, plasmids often contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium such as resistance to antibiotics.

不过通常包含赋予细菌选择性优势的基因，例如抗生素耐药性。

These plasmids are small double-stranded DNA molecules that can exist independently of the chromosome and they can be circular or linear.

它们是双的DNA小分子，可以独立于细菌染色体（拟核）而存在，可以是环状或线状的。

The cytoplasm contains ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis, the nucleoid which contains the genetic material, and plasmids which contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium.

细胞中含有核糖体，它们是蛋白合成的部位；拟核含有遗传以及；含有赋予细菌选择性优势的基因。

Plasmids have relatively few genes and their genetic information is not essential to the bacterium and cells that lack them usually function normally.

所含的基因相对较少，并且它们的基因对细菌来说并不是必须的，缺少的细胞往往也可以正常生长。

Additionally to the genetic material contained within the nucleoid, many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids.

除了包含在拟核中的遗传外，许多细菌含有额外的DNA分子，称为。

Then they dropped the plasmid into a living bacterium, or yeast.

然后他们将放入活细菌或酵母中。

They loaded it with plasmid's DNA, carrying the CRR gene, and placed this gel right into the brain cavity after removing a glial blastoma tumor in mice.

他们将携带CRR基因的DNA装入其中，然后在小鼠切除胶母细胞瘤后，将这种凝胶直接植入脑腔。

But this is the first time the plasmid has been found in the United States, and it could get passed around quickly.

但这还是第一次在美国发现这种，它可能会迅速传播开来。

Plasmid and phage vectors have been used to express genes in a range of bacteria, and some phages may be used to incorporate DNA into the host genome.

在培养的真核细胞中，载体通常选择能感染特定生的病毒，有些保持它们的DNA独立于宿染色体之外，有些整合到宿基因组上。

Soon after, others began using plasmid vectors and adding genes for antibiotic resistance, greatly increasing the reach of the recombinant techniques. [81]

不久之后，其他人开始使用载体并添加抗生素抗性基因，大大增加了重组技术的应用范围[81]。

So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.

因此本上，这些是在不同细菌种之间转移抗生素抗性基因的载体。

This one had cell culture and transfections, antibodies, plasmids, recombinant virus production and infection, and so on and so forth.

这个有细胞培养和转染、抗体、、重组病毒生产和感染等等。

And the thing that makes this mutation especially troubling is that it was found on a plasmid -- a little piece of DNA that can be easily shared between neighboring bacteria, meaning it can spread more easily.

让这种突变特别令人担忧的是，它出现在一个上——这是一种可以轻易在邻近细菌之间共享的小段DNA，这意味着它可以更容易地传播。

Or, in plain english, plasmids are part of the reason that, one day, antibiotics may not be able to help your strep throat anymore.

或者，用简单的英语来说，是有一天抗生素可能无法再帮助您治疗球菌性咽喉炎的部分原因。

And so a plasmid, remember this would be the chromosomal DNA. This would be the chromosome of the bacteria.

因此，，记住这将是染色体DNA。这将是细菌的染色体。

More specialized vectors have been engineered to use aspects of plasmids and bacteriophages, such as the plasmid-bacteriophage h hybrids known as cosmids

和噬菌体已经在很多种类的细菌中被使用来表达基因，并且一些噬菌体也许已经被用来将DNA整合到宿基因组上。

We're just transferring that DNA, that plasmid from one to another.

我们只是将DNA，即，从一个转移到另一个。