So slavery is necessary for the life of the polis for there to be open to citizens.

因此，为了让公有机会过上城邦生活，奴隶制是必要的。

For Aristotle the whole point of law, the purpose of polis is to shape character, to cultivate the virtue of citizens, to inculcate civic excellence, to make possible a good way of life.

对亚里士多德而言，法律的意义，以及城邦的目的都在于塑造公，培养公德行，教授公才能，让美好生活成为可能。

" The end and purpose of a polis is the good life, and the institutions of social life are means to that end."

“城邦的目标和目的是美好的生活，社会生活的体制就是为此而建立。”

He gives a partial answer, a preliminary answer, in Book One of the Politics where he tells us that only by living in a polis, and participating in politics, do we fully realize our nature as human beings.

他在《政治学》第一卷中给出了一个不整的初步答案。书中他说，只有生活在城邦中，只有参与政治，我们才能全实现人类的本。

" A polis is not an association for residents on a common site, or for the sake of preventing mutual injustice and easing exchange." Aristotle writes.

“城邦不仅仅是同一地区居的团体，也不仅仅是为了预防彼此间的不公或为了方便交易。”亚里士多德。

Politics, which is the business of people being together, " polis" meaning people.

政治，是人聚在一起的事， “polis” 就是人的意思。

By the 8th century BCE, poleis, city-states, began to merge as agricultural and trading hubs.

到了公元前8世纪，城邦，即城市国家，开始作为农业和贸易中心合并起来。

The common good requires that we live together in a polis.

共同的利益要求我们共同生活在城邦中。

It's the polis and participating in the polis that makes you truly human.

正是参与城邦事务，才使你真正成为人。

And so the overthrows of Spartan-dominated poleis from the later 380s onwards, which leads to their eventual defeat at Lutra, is part of that picture, that this is not a Greek dominance, this is a foreign dominance with a Greek puppet.

因此，从公元前380年代后期开始，斯巴达主导的城邦被推翻，最终在留克特拉战役中失败，这表明这不是希腊的主导地位，而是外国的主导地位，希腊只是傀儡。

Eventually, the Greeks began  to trade goods such as pottery, wine, cloth, and metalwork. This newfound trade  made some citizens very wealthy – wealthy enough to challenge the aristocrats that oversaw the  polis and stage hostile take-overs in some cases.

最终，希腊人开始交易陶器、葡萄酒、布料和金属制品等商品。这种新发现的贸易使一些公变得非常富有——富有到足以挑战监管城邦的贵族，并在某些情况下进行敌意收购。

A " polis" is a Greek word meaning " city, " so the name Indianapolis means, if you will, " Indiana City, " " Indiana" coming from the word " Indian" meaning, in this case, Native Americans.

" Polis" 是希腊语， 意为“城市” ，因此 Indianapolis 这个名字，可以理解为“印第安纳城市” ，其中“印第安纳” 源自“Indian” ，在这里指的是美洲原住。

In that environment, it's not surprising that every single state, from the very largest like Roman Carthage, down to the tiniest Greek polis in the Sicilian countryside or the Peloponnese, fought wars with alarming regularity.

在这种环境下，从像罗马和迦太基这样的大型国家，到西西里乡村或伯罗奔尼撒半岛上最小的希腊城邦，每个国家都以惊人的频率卷入战争， 这一点也不令人意外。

The influence of  the Mycenaeans is evident in early artifacts, and by the time of Classical Greece, Salamis  was a flourishing polis.

迈锡尼人的影响在早期文物中清晰可见，到了古典希腊时期，萨拉米斯已成为繁荣的城邦。

Well, yeah, as a political scientist, my preoccupation is with the polis and the discourse that's necessary in a polis.

嗯， 没错， 作为一名政治学家，我关注的是城邦以及在城邦中必不可少的言论交流。

Most poleis were governed by rich aristocrats, who  monopolized the best lands and political power.

大多数城邦都由富有的贵族统治，他们垄断了最好的土地和政治权力。

One of the things that looks a little different from Roman social structure, if you look at like a Greek polis, the hoplite class seems to have been kind of small.

与罗马社会结构相比，如果你看看像希腊城邦那样的社会，重装步兵阶层似乎相当小。

No, I mean, the Greek, when Aristotle talks about political, you know, man is a political animal, he's meaning man is a man of the polis.

不，我是说，希腊人，当亚里士多德谈论政治时，你知，“人是政治的动物”，他的意思是人是城邦的成员。

It testifies to the active, public debate about man, language and the polis in democratic Athens.

它证明了主雅典关于人、语言和城邦的积极公开辩论。

For Goldhill—and we will return to this in Part 5—it is therefore striking that Aristotle barely mentions the polis in the Poetics and the civic frame of tragedy is silenced.

对于戈德希尔——我们将在第 5 部分回到这一点——因此令人惊讶的是， 亚里士多德在《诗学》中几乎没有提到城邦， 而悲剧的公框架却被沉默了。