Taylor serves as a caution against overextending the reach of preclusion doctrines.

泰勒警示我们，不宜过度扩展排除适用范围。

So courts will look at all of these factors when deciding whether to allow offensive non-mutual issue preclusion.

因此，法院在决是否允许进攻性非互惠争点排除时，会考虑所有这些因素。

OK, what's the difference between defensive and offensive non-mutual issue preclusion?

好，防御性和攻击性非相互性争点排除区别是什么？

Let us now look at Allen v. McCurry, a case in which the court held that issue preclusion barred a federal civil rights claim under Title 42, United States Code, Section 1983, based on issues previously litigated in a state criminal proceeding.

现在让我们来看艾伦诉麦柯里案，法院在此案中裁，基于先前在州刑事诉讼中已审理问题，议题排除原阻止了根据《美国法典》第42编第1983条提出联邦民权诉求。

In this decision, the Supreme Court held that the United States was barred by issue preclusion from relitigating issues it had previously litigated and lost through a state court case in which it had substantially controlled the litigation.

在此裁决中，最高法院认，美国因既原被禁止重新审理那些它已在州法院案件中实质性控制诉讼并败诉问题。

Others contend that the transactional approach to claim preclusion may unduly burden plaintiffs by forcing them to consolidate diverse claims into a single lawsuit prematurely.

其他人认为，主张排除原交易方法可能不当地加重原告负担，迫使他们过早地将多种诉求合并到一个诉讼中。

Defensive non-mutual issue preclusion is when a defendant in a second lawsuit tries to use a finding from a previous case where the plaintiff lost against a different defendant.

防御性非互涉既事项预clusion是指在第二个诉讼中，被告试图利用原告在之前案件中败诉给另一被告决结果。

Res judicata or collateral estoppel, claim or issue preclusion, assumption of risk, a contributory or comparative negligence, duress, fraud as a defense, release waiver.

既间接不可翻案，请求争点排除，风险自负，共同比较过失，胁迫，欺诈抗辩，豁免弃权。

Defensive non-mutual issue preclusion occurs when a new defendant seeks to prevent a plaintiff from relitigating an issue the plaintiff lost in a prior action against a different defendant.

防御性非相互性争点排除发生在新被告试图阻止原告就其在前一针对不同被告诉讼中已败诉争点进行重新审理时。

Similarly, corporations and their subsidiaries, or assigners and assignees, may be deemed privies for purposes of preclusion.

同样地， 公司与其子公司，转让人与受让人， 可能被视为在排除效方面当事人。

For issue preclusion to apply, four elements generally must be satisfied.

要适用争点排除原，通常必须满足四个要素。

So it's really about making sure that the party against whom issue preclusion is being asserted had a real chance to fight their corner in the first case.

所以，这实际上是为了确保被主张既事项当事人在第一个案件中确实有机会为自己辩护。

If the issue was stipulated, assumed, or uncontested, then it has not been actually litigated for preclusion purposes.

如果该问题已通过协议、假未受争议方式处理，那么在为排除目而实际诉讼中，它并未真正被争议过。

Claim preclusion applies when three core elements are satisfied.

当满足三个核心要素时，请求权排除适用。

Fourth, and finally, the party against whom preclusion is asserted must have had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the first case.

最后，被主张排除一方必须在初审案件中享有充分且公平争议审理机会。这一要求旨在防止该原不公正适用。

OK, so non-mutual issue preclusion, both defensive and offensive, adds a whole other layer of complexity to this already complex doctrine.

好， 非相互性争点排除， 无论是防御性还是攻击性，都为这一本已复杂法律原增添了全新复杂层面。

The case exemplifies how issue preclusion may bind even the federal government, provided the requirements are met, and further illustrates the flexible application of privity principles.

此案展示了在满足条件情况下， 既如何能够约束联邦政府，并进一步阐明了当事人原灵活应用。

Fourth, courts often recognize exceptions to preclusion for extraordinary cases, such as fraud on the court, lack of jurisdiction, or violation of fundamental fairness principles.

第四，法院通常会对特殊案件中既予以例外处理，例如涉及法庭欺诈、管辖权缺失违反基本公平原情况。

Proposals for reform include more flexible standards for determining privity, clearer guidelines for identifying essential issues, and greater judicial discretion to decline preclusion in the interest of justice.

改革建议包括制更为灵活确当事人关系标准，明确识别关键问题指导方针，以及赋予法官更大自由裁量权， 以便在追求正义前提下拒绝排除适用。

Yeah, the ones that don't count for claim preclusion.

是，那些不构成请求排除解雇。