Remember how prostaglandin E2 keeps the ductus arteriosus open during fetal development?

还记得是前列腺素E2使动脉导管在胎儿发育开放吗？

That ring of sclerotic tissue often produces prostaglandins, which are small molecules that trigger the sensation of pain.

硬化的骨组织通常产生前列腺素，这些小分子引发疼痛感。

Soon after birth, the foramen ovale closes and prostaglandin E2 levels fall, causing the ductus arteriosus to close off.

出生后不久，卵圆孔闭合、前列腺素E2水平下降，导致动脉导管闭合。

And what they do is they block the release of prostaglandins.

们的作用是阻止前列腺素的释放。

That reduces the production of prostaglandins, hormone-like compounds that normally cause inflammation and pain.

那减少前列腺素的生成，前列腺素是一种类似激素的化合物，通常引起炎症和疼痛。

Aspirin and ibuprofen block production of one class of these tuning chemicals, called prostaglandins.

阿司匹林和布洛芬可阻止一种调节化学物质的生产，称为“前列腺素”。

It acts in the brain, it inhibits the pain and inflammation producing chemicals called prostaglandins.

作用于大脑，抑制疼痛和炎症，产生称为前列腺素的化学物质。

In response, it produces bicarbonate, mucus, and phospholipids called prostaglandins to maintain the integrity of its own lining.

作为回，生成碳酸氢盐、黏液和被称为前列腺素的磷脂，以维持自身内壁的完整性。

When it receives this message, the hypothalamus produces another molecule called prostaglandin E2, which gears it up for war.

当接收到这一信号后， 下丘脑生成另一种名为前列腺素E2的分子，为身体进入战斗状态做好准备。

When we menstruate, the lining of the uterus releases substances that are made into chemicals called prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators.

当我们月经来潮时，子宫内膜释放一些物质， 这些物质转化为称为前列腺素和其他炎症介质的化学物质。

So also that is why ibuprofen and other NSAIDs work often on period pain because NSAIDs like ibuprofen are prostaglandin blockers.

因此，布洛芬和其他非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）通常对经疼痛有效，因为这类药物如布洛芬能阻断前列腺素。

They showed that the drug interrupts the production of certain chemicals called prostaglandins, which control the transmission of pain sensations and inflammation.

研究表明， 该药物能阻断某些名为前列腺素的化学物质的生成，这些物质负责痛感和炎症的传递。

Well, the drug indomethacin can be used to close a PDA because it's a type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or NSAID, and it inhibits prostaglandin E2.

而药物吲哚美辛被用来使PDA闭合，因为是种非甾体抗炎药，或称NSAID，可抑制前列腺素E2。

For example, IL-4 leads the production of IgE antibodies which coat mast cells and stimulate them to release granules containing things like histamines, leukotrienes and prostaglandins.

例如，IL-4导致了IgE抗体的产生，覆盖在肥大细胞表面，并刺激们释放含有像组胺、白三烯和前列腺素等物质的颗粒。

That's because cytokines and prostaglandin can reach even higher structures in your brain, disrupting the activity of neurotransmitters like glutamate, endorphins, serotonin, and dopamine.

这是因为细胞因子和前列腺素能影响大脑中更高层次的结构，干扰谷氨酸、内啡肽、血清素和多巴胺等神经递质的活性。

In fetal development, the ductus arteriosus is kept open by high levels of a vasodilator prostaglandin E2 which is made by the placenta and by the ductus arteriosus itself.

在胎儿发育，动脉导管开放是由于一种高浓度的血管扩张剂前列腺素E2，由胎盘和动脉导管自身分泌。

Sometimes babies might be given prostaglandin E, which keeps the ductus arteriosus open, even though this is typically only a short-term solution and ultimately the baby's going to need surgical repair.

有时，宝宝可以用前列腺素E，来维持动脉导管的开放，尽管这通常只是一个短的解决方案，最终宝宝需要手术修复。

Cortisol also helps to dampen the inflammatory and immune response by reducing the production and release of inflammatory mediators, like prostaglandins and interleukins, as well as inhibiting the proliferation of T-lymphocytes.

皮质醇也有助于抑制炎症和免疫反，降低如前列腺素和白细胞介素等炎症介质的制造和释放，也抑制T淋巴细胞的增殖。

And so that's, the medical community has, since the 1970s, which is when prostaglandins were discovered, since the 1970s, that has been like, that's what is causing period pain.

从20世纪70年代前列腺素被发现以来，医学界就一直认为这是导致经疼痛的原因。

And we also have hormonal contraception, which gives us a thinner lining of the uterus, so there's less prostaglandins produced and with less blood, there's less need for cramping.

我们还有激素避孕方法， 可以让我们子宫内膜变薄，因此产生的前列腺素较少， 出血量也较少， 所以就不那么需要经历痛经了。