Anandasankar Ray says a product based on Ethyl pyruvate may cost less to manufacture than DEET, the most effective chemical treatment now in use.

Anandasankar Ray说基于丙酸乙酯的一种产品的制造本可能低于避蚊胺（DEET），后者是目前最有效的化学方法。

The pyruvate goes through the TCA cycle, produces a bunch of citrate, and that gets converted down to VLDL.

丙酸经过三羧酸循环，产一堆柠檬酸盐，并且被转换 VLDL。

And pyruvate dehydrogenase is the connection between those two.

丙酸脱气酶是连系两者的纽带。

What doesn't go to glycogen gets metabolized down to pyruvate.

没去变糖原的部分，会被代谢丙酸。

It comes in, gets metabolized down to pyruvate and enters the mitochondria.

它进入人体，被新陈代谢丙酸，然后进入线粒体。

We convert glucose to pyruvate through the process of glycolysis, and then we convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, which then gets burned, gets oxidized for energy, to produce energy through the krebs cycle.

通过糖酵解过程将葡萄糖转化酸盐，人体接着将丙酸盐转换乙酷辅酶 A，后者紧接着被氧化，最后再通过克氏循环转换能量。

How is your body converting that pyruvate into lactate?

你的身体是如何将丙酸转化乳酸的？

And in the Kreb's Cycle we're going to take that carbon which is in pyruvate and we're going to release that as carbon dioxide.

在克雷布斯循环中，我们将从丙酸中提取碳，并将其释放二氧化碳。

So the mechanism of action was primarily by stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase.

因此，其作用机制主要是通过刺激丙酸脱氢酶。

So we're storing the energy that was found in the pyruvate in NADH and FADH2 so we can finally use that in the electron transport chain.

因此，我们将原本存在于丙酸中的能量储存在NADH和FADH2中，以便最终能在电子传递链中利用这些能量。

So the kinase enzymes inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase from working.

所以激酶酶会抑制丙酸脱氢酶的性。

But eventually what you do is you break it into two molecules of pyruvate and you release more ATP and then a little bit of NADH.

但最终，你会将其分解两个丙酸分子，并释放出更多的三磷酸腺苷（ATP），同时产少量的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）。

But when you look at the pyruvate to lactate ratio, that can give you an idea of the cytosolic NAD to NADH ratio.

但当你查看丙酸到乳酸的比例时，这可以给你一个细胞质中烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸到还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸比例的概念。

And then this would be pyruvate and we're making ATP and we're making NADH down here as well.

然后这里会产丙酸，同时我们在这里也制造了三磷酸腺苷（ATP）和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NADH）。

So it's going to recycle NADH back to NAD by converting the pyruvate into lactate.

所以它会通过将丙酸转化乳酸，把烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸还原酶（NADH）回收烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD）。

One thing that you should know is that glucose is a six carbon molecule and down here, pyruvate we have 2 three carbon molecules.

你应该知道的一件事是， 葡萄糖是一个含有六个碳原子的分子， 而在这里，我们看到的丙酸则是两个含有三个碳原子的分子。

So to start glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, you have to actually add a little bit of ATP.

因此， 要动糖酵解过程， 即将葡萄糖分解丙酸，实际上需要先加入少量三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。

Then the pyruvate can't be converted into acetyl coenzyme A. So it's not entering into the TCA cycle.

然后丙酸就不能转化乙酰辅酶A。所以它不会进入三羧酸循环。

Yeah, so the ratio between like, so you mentioned like the ratio between pyruvate and lactate, that sort of ratio, you're saying it'd be more so skewed towards which direction?

是的， 关于你提到的丙酸和乳酸之间的比例，你认这个比例会更倾向于哪个方向？

And so there's a series of intermediates or steps that we must go through just to make that pyruvate.

因此，我们需要经历一系列中间产物或步骤，才能丙酸。