Anandasankar Ray says a product based on Ethyl pyruvate may cost less to manufacture than DEET, the most effective chemical treatment now in use.

Anandasankar Ray说基于丙酮乙酯品制造成本可能低于避蚊胺（DEET），后者是目前最有效化学方法。

The pyruvate goes through the TCA cycle, produces a bunch of citrate, and that gets converted down to VLDL.

丙酮经过三羧循环，生堆柠檬盐，并且被转换成 VLDL。

And pyruvate dehydrogenase is the connection between those two.

丙酮脱气酶是连系两者纽带。

What doesn't go to glycogen gets metabolized down to pyruvate.

没去变成糖原部分，会被代谢成丙酮。

It comes in, gets metabolized down to pyruvate and enters the mitochondria.

它进入人体，被新陈代谢成丙酮，然后进入线粒体。

We convert glucose to pyruvate through the process of glycolysis, and then we convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, which then gets burned, gets oxidized for energy, to produce energy through the krebs cycle.

通过糖酵解过程将葡萄糖转化为内酮盐，人体接着将丙酮盐转换成乙酷辅酶 A，后者紧接着被氧化，最后再通过克氏循环转换成能量。

How is your body converting that pyruvate into lactate?

你身体是如何将丙酮转化为？

And in the Kreb's Cycle we're going to take that carbon which is in pyruvate and we're going to release that as carbon dioxide.

在克雷布斯循环中，我们将从丙酮中提取碳，并将其释放为二氧化碳。

So the mechanism of action was primarily by stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase.

因此，其作用机制主要是通过刺激丙酮脱氢酶。

So we're storing the energy that was found in the pyruvate in NADH and FADH2 so we can finally use that in the electron transport chain.

因此，我们将原本存在于丙酮中能量储存在NADH和FADH2中，以便最终能在电子传递链中利用这些能量。

So the kinase enzymes inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase from working.

所以激酶酶会抑制丙酮脱氢酶活性。

But eventually what you do is you break it into two molecules of pyruvate and you release more ATP and then a little bit of NADH.

但最终，你会将其分解成两个丙酮分子，并释放出更多三磷腺苷（ATP），同时生少量烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷（NADH）。

But when you look at the pyruvate to lactate ratio, that can give you an idea of the cytosolic NAD to NADH ratio.

但当你查看丙酮到比例时，这可以给你个细胞质中烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷到还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷比例概念。

And then this would be pyruvate and we're making ATP and we're making NADH down here as well.

然后这里会生丙酮，同时我们在这里也制造了三磷腺苷（ATP）和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷（NADH）。

So it's going to recycle NADH back to NAD by converting the pyruvate into lactate.

所以它会通过将丙酮转化为，把烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷还原酶（NADH）回收成烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷（NAD）。

One thing that you should know is that glucose is a six carbon molecule and down here, pyruvate we have 2 three carbon molecules.

你应该知道件事是， 葡萄糖是个含有六个碳原子分子， 而在这里，我们看到丙酮则是两个含有三个碳原子分子。

So to start glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, you have to actually add a little bit of ATP.

因此， 要动糖酵解过程， 即将葡萄糖分解为丙酮，实际上需要先加入少量三磷腺苷（ATP）。

Then the pyruvate can't be converted into acetyl coenzyme A. So it's not entering into the TCA cycle.

然后丙酮就不能转化为乙酰辅酶A。所以它不会进入三羧循环。

Yeah, so the ratio between like, so you mentioned like the ratio between pyruvate and lactate, that sort of ratio, you're saying it'd be more so skewed towards which direction?

是， 关于你提到丙酮和之间比例，你认为这个比例会更倾向于哪个方向？

And so there's a series of intermediates or steps that we must go through just to make that pyruvate.

因此，我们需要经历系列中间物或步骤，才能生成丙酮。