More recently, silica (silicon dioxide, which comes from sand) has come to the forefront.

近年来，硅土（从沙土氧化硅）已经脱颖而出。

The primary component of the most common form of sand is silicon dioxide.

沙子最基本形式基础成分是氧化硅。

The sample also contained silicon dioxide and silica glass.

样品还含有氧化硅和氧化硅玻璃。

And so we make some silicon dioxide.

因此我们制造了一些氧化硅。

And so if silicon dioxide can make that, well what about something below that.

如果氧化硅可以做到这一点，那么低于这一水平东西又如何呢？

The fragment of silicon dioxide in the sample recorded the pressure and subsequent heat and depressurization of a lunar impact event.

样品氧化硅碎片记录了月球撞击事件压力以及随后热量和减压。

Here, oxygen gas reacts with the wafer to form a layer of silicon dioxide.

在这里，氧气与硅片反应形成一层氧化硅。

First, a layer of insulating silicon dioxide is deposited onto the wafer.

首先，在晶圆上沉积一层绝缘氧化硅。

Silicon dioxide is the chemical compound of what mineral?

氧化硅是哪种矿物化学成分？

Trickling down through gaps in soil and rock, water flows through sandstone, limestone, and basalt, picking up a microscopic compound called silicon dioxide.

水从土壤和岩石缝隙滴下来，流过沙岩、石灰岩，以及玄武岩，因而氧化矽这种微小化合物。

In a fiber optic, it's glass, silicon dioxide.

在光纤，它是玻璃，即氧化硅。

Glass is mostly sand, silicon dioxide, but add some potash and you reduce the melting point.

玻璃主要是沙子、氧化硅、 但添加一些钾 就会降低熔点。

Using the mask, the revealed silicon dioxide is etched away down to the previous layer.

使用掩模，暴露出氧化硅被蚀刻掉，直到前一层。

There are essentially no other materials on the entire periodic table that have as good of a gate insulator as that silicon dioxide.

在整个周期表上，几乎没有其他材料能像氧化硅那样成为如此优秀栅绝缘体。

To start, a layer of insulating silicon dioxide is deposited on top of the wafer, and then a layer of light-sensitive photoresist is spread across the top.

首先，在晶圆表面沉积一层绝缘氧化硅，然后在顶部涂上一层感光光阻剂。

A single metal layer is now completed and the wafer is ready for the next cycle to begin where insulating silicon dioxide in the vias will be added.

单个金属层现在已经完成，晶圆准备好开始下一个周期，在这个周期将在通孔添加绝缘氧化硅。

It's made from the stuff of microchips: silicon, a layer of silicon dioxide, and on top a very thin film of silicon nitride, which is perforated by a grid of microscopic circular holes.

硅、氧化硅层以及最上层非常薄氮化硅薄膜，而这层薄膜被打上排成网格状微小圆孔。

So the material that's used to do that, or I should say was initially used to do that, was silicon dioxide, which just naturally grows on the silicon surface.

所以，用来实现这一点材料，或者说最初用来实现这一点材料是氧化硅，它会自然地生长在硅表面。

With the mask layer built, the wafer goes to an etching tool, where a plasma etcher removes a vertical column through the exposed silicon dioxide until it reaches the previous layer's metal lias.

在掩模层构建完成后， 硅片会被送到蚀刻工具处，等离子蚀刻机会去除暴露氧化硅垂直柱， 直到到达前一层金属线路。

Finally, the wafer is sent to a chemical-mechanical planarization tool, where the metal is ground down so that all that remains is a flat layer of insulating silicon dioxide and conductive copper interconnects that match the pattern from the photomask.

最后， 硅片被送到化学机械平面化设备，金属层被磨平， 只剩下一层平坦绝缘氧化硅和与光掩模图案相匹配导电铜互连层。