In school and in the workplace, the popular opinion is the idea of specialization.

在学校和工作单位，最普遍观点就是“专业化”。

It needs deep expertise, years of specialization.

它求极高专业性和领域专精。

And my last year, I took specialization, which is crystallographer.

我大学最后一选修了一门专业科目，晶体学。

In every field, knowledge has exploded, but it has brought complexity, it has brought specialization.

在每个领域，知识量呈爆炸式增长，这带来了复杂性和专业化。

Now, this specialization decreases the the marginal cost of each pizza.

这种专业化减少了每个披萨边际成。

But the benefits of specialization are limited.

但是专业化好处是有限。

Yeah, I did five plus another year because I did a specialization master.

我学了六，因为我是专业硕士。

But because climate and seasons are more stable, that specialization isn't as risky.

但由于气候和季节较稳定，专精于某一环境并不危险。

Specialization is too risky, you've gotta be adaptable.

只擅长在某种环境生存会太过危险，你有很强适应力。

We're all about cell specialization, and compartmentalizing our bodies.

我们需对细胞专门化，以及对我们身体进行分部。

Specializations are useful, because they can give you an edge when starting a career.

专业知识很有用，因为它们可以给你在开始职业生涯时带来优势。

But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.

但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程有关现象之一。

And for thousands of years of human history, specialization was, well, pretty minimal.

专业化在数千人类历史中显得很渺小。

I went to Manchester University and got an engineering degree, with water management as my specialization.

我去了曼彻斯特大学并获得了工程学位，水资源管理是我专业。

In fact, at the time the biggest of specialization were phrenologists.

事实上，当时专业化程度最高是骨相学家。

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.

专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出反应。

Today, Gage's true story fits with our understanding of brain specialization, just not the way that phrenologists thought.

今天，盖奇故事符合我们对大脑专业化理解，而不是像骨相学家所认为那样。

Without specialization, if you want something, you have to make it yourself.

在没有专业化情况下，你想什么都亲力亲为。

But specialization goes beyond the assembly line for pizza.

专业化不只用于披萨流水作业线。

But here's the wonder of specialization for you: Each olfactory neuron has receptors for just one kind of smell.

但专业化奇妙之处在于：每个嗅觉神经元只有一种气味受体。