In school and in the workplace, the popular opinion is the idea of specialization.

在学校和工作单位，最普遍的观点就“专业化”。

It needs deep expertise, years of specialization.

它要求极高的专业性和多年的领域专精。

And my last year, I took specialization, which is crystallographer.

我大学最后一年选修一门专业科目，晶体学。

In every field, knowledge has exploded, but it has brought complexity, it has brought specialization.

在每个领域，知识量呈爆炸式增长，这复杂性和专业化。

And for thousands of years of human history, specialization was, well, pretty minimal.

专业化在数千年的人类历史中显得很渺小。

Without specialization, if you want something, you have to make it yourself.

在没有专业化的情况下，你想要什么都必须亲力亲为。

Yeah, I did five plus another year because I did a specialization master.

我学六年，因为我专业硕士。

In fact, at the time the biggest of specialization were phrenologists.

事实上，当时专业化程度最高的骨相学家。

But because climate and seasons are more stable, that specialization isn't as risky.

但由于气候和季节较稳定，专精于某一环境并不危险。

Specialization is too risky, you've gotta be adaptable.

只擅长在某种环境生存会太过危险，你必须要有很强的适应力。

We're all about cell specialization, and compartmentalizing our bodies.

我们需要对细胞专门化，以及对我们的身体进行分部。

Specializations are useful, because they can give you an edge when starting a career.

专业知识很有用，因为它们可以给你在开始职业生涯时优势。

But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.

但专业化仅科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。

Now, this specialization decreases the the marginal cost of each pizza.

这种专业化减少每个披萨的边际成本。

I went to Manchester University and got an engineering degree, with water management as my specialization.

我去曼彻斯特大学并获得工程学位，水资源管理我的专业。

This simple trade of goods led to an immense increase in specialization, economic growth and wealth.

这种简单的商品贸易导致专业化、经济增长和财富的大幅增长。

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.

专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。

But the benefits of specialization are limited.

但专业化的好处有限的。

This means that more of each product would be available to both countries to share through specialization and trade.

这意味着，通过专业分工和贸易，两个国家可以分享更多的产品。

Today, Gage's true story fits with our understanding of brain specialization, just not the way that phrenologists thought.

今天，盖奇的故事符合我们对大脑专业化的理解，而不像骨相学家所认为的那样。