Most epigenetic marks are erased when egg and sperm cells are formed.

当卵子和精子胞形成时， 大多数表徵遗传标记会被去除。

First, they all start as single-celled zygotes — made from a sperm cell and egg cell combo — that become multicellular embryos: the tiny beginnings of roots, stems, and leaves.

首先，它们都是从单胞受精卵开始——由精子胞和卵胞组合而成——然后变成多胞胚胎：根、茎和叶微小开端。

When the sperm cell from your father which carries an 'X' or a 'Y' chromosome fuse with the egg from your mother, which carries an 'X' chromosome.

这时，来自父亲，携带“X”或“Y”染色体精子会和来自母亲，携带“X”染色体卵子结合。

Among the most important are the sertoli cells inside the tubes, which nourish developing sperm cells, sort of like how female follicle cells help oocytes.

其中最重要是管内胞，它滋养发育中精子胞，有点像女性卵泡胞如何帮助卵母胞。

Now, if an egg cell combines with any of these sperm cells that have the missing chromosome, then you get Turner syndrome.

现在，如果卵胞与这些缺少染色体精子胞中任相结合，就会造成特纳综合征。

Normally, each egg and sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes, and, when they unite, 23 pairs or 46 in total.

正常情况下，每卵胞和精子含有23染色体，当它们结合在起时，总共有23对即46染色体。

Male users may experience sperm cell abnormalities and decreased sperm count.

男性服用者可能会出现精子胞异常并且减少精子数量。

Some of the only parts of the body whose motions aren't governed by the muscular system are sperm cells, the hair-like cilia in our airways, and certain white blood cells.

而在我们身体某些部分，动作不是由肌肉系统控制，它们包括精胞，我们气道里丝状纤维，还有某些白胞。

In order to package up half the chromosomes into either a sperm cell or an egg cell, you actually start with a single cell that has 46 chromosomes.

为了将半染色体打包装进精子或卵胞中，你其实是从具有46条染色体体胞开始。

Occasionally, an accident occurs when the egg or sperm cell is forming, creating an extra chromosome number 21.

有时候，在卵胞或精子形成时会发生外，产生出多余21号染色体。

The wind or a pollinator carried pollen from the flower of one of its parents to the other, where a sperm cell fertilized an egg.

风或者传粉昆虫把花粉从亲本植株中棵带到另棵，在那里精子胞使卵子受精。

So an egg cell must be fertilized by a sperm cell to form two full sets of chromosomes.

因此，卵胞必须由精子受精才能形成两套完整染色体。

And his discoveries of blood cells, sperm cells, parasites and bacteria were altogether extraordinary.

他发现血胞、精子胞、寄生虫和菌都是极其非凡。

Meanwhile, on contraceptive news, Big Pharma is eyeing a male birth control pill for Gen Z. The once-a-day pill inhibits a receptor for vitamin A, or retinol, in the testes, which is a well-known pathway for sperm cell production.

与此同时，避孕领域传来新消息， 大型制药公司正瞄准Z世代， 研发男性避孕药。 这种每日片药丸能抑制睾丸中维生素A（即视黄醇）受体，而维生素A受体是众所周知精子胞生成途径。

We also know that they’re inherited, but for a long time, geneticists thought that sperm cells were too small to contain both the genome AND the epigenetic information of the donor.

我们也知道它们是遗传， 但很长段时间以来，遗传学家认为精子胞太小而无法包含供体基因组和表观遗传信息。

By definition, when biologists talk about this, animals that are males have a little sex cell, which carries genes and nothing else – sperm cells.

根据定义，当生物学家谈论这点时，雄性动物有小性胞，它携带基因， 而不携带其他东西——精子胞。

And so what plants do is they take their male sex cells, the sperm cells, and they package them up into a pollen grain.

因此，植物做法是，它们将雄性生殖胞——精子胞——包裹进花粉粒中。

Well, why wouldn't the DNA of the sperm cells and the egg

那么，为什么精子胞和卵子 DNA 不可以呢？

Babies start to grow in the womb when a sperm cell meets an egg and fertilises it.

当精子胞与卵子相遇并使其受精时，婴儿就开始在子宫中生长。

Would that be a mechanism that enables sperm of better quality, or smarter cells, to adjust their swimming behavior in order to gain some competitive advantage over millions of other sperm cells that are swimming in the reproductive tract ?

诺斯拉蒂：这是否是种机制，可以使质量更好精子或更聪明胞调整它们游泳行为，以便比在生殖道中游泳数百万其他精子胞获得些竞争优势？