Every gustatory cell projects a thread-like protrusion of the cellular membrane called a gustatory hair, which runs down to a taste pore, a small hole in the stratified squamous epithelium covering the taste bud and the rest of the tongue.

每个味觉细胞在细胞膜上投射出一个叫做味觉毛的线起，向下延伸到味觉孔，味觉孔是覆盖味蕾和舌头其余部分的分上皮上的一个小洞。

Wearing sunscreen helps protect against the development of all three types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

基底细胞癌、上皮癌、和黑色素瘤。

In chronic laryngitis the normal columnar cells undergo dysplasia, which is when they transform into squamous epithelium to adapt to the chronic irritation.

慢性喉炎中，正常柱细胞异型增生转为上皮细胞，来适应慢性刺激。

So its mucosa is made up of stratified squamous epithelium, which is better equipped to resist abrasion from food going down.

因此，其粘膜是由复上皮构成的，能较好地抵御食物对食管的磨损。

A perforation becomes permanent when its edges are covered by squamous epithelium and it does not heal spontaneously.

当穿孔的边被上皮覆盖且不能自动愈合时，穿孔就成为永久性的。

All right, as a quick recap, oral cancer refers to cancers that originate in the oral cavity, which is lined by keratinized or non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelia.

得！快速回顾一下：口腔癌指起源于口腔的癌症；口腔由角化或未角化的复上皮覆盖。

For example, a simple squamous epithelium refers to a single layer of flat, scale-like cells, like the lining of the air sacs deep in your lungs.

例如，简单的上皮是指单平坦的片细胞，就像肺部深处的气囊内膜一样。

When this happens, squamous cells start dividing uncontrollably, and more mutations accumulate with each division.

当基因生，上皮细胞开始不受控地分裂，随着每一次分裂，新的还会继续积累。

Let's go back to those squamous cells. Because they're thin, like scales, it takes many layers of them to form a tissue that's thick enough to offer protection.

让我们说回那些细胞。因为它们很薄，像片一样，需要很多才能形成足够厚的组织来提供保护。

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from the stratified squamous epithelium.

食管癌起源于复上皮。

So the layer of stratified squamous and columnar epithelial cells that line your tract is actually a barrier between the outside world and your inside world — but it's a barrier that allows for the selective movement of materials between them.

所以这复的和柱上皮细胞排列在你的肠道里，实际上是一个屏障连接了外界和你的内心世界——但这个屏障允许材料在它们之间有选择地移动。

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia can turn into a particular type of squamous cell cancer called verrucous carcinoma, and it's also sometimes called snuff-dipper's cancer since it is more common among users of snuff and other forms of chewing tobacco.

增生性疣白斑可展成一种特殊的细胞癌，即疣癌，有时也叫作“鼻烟”癌，因为这在鼻烟和其它形式的嚼烟使用者中更常见。

Because that's because each sac contains a cluster of alveoli, these tiny cavities lined with super thin, wet membranes made of simple squamous epithelium tissue.

因为这是因为每个囊包含一簇肺泡，这些微小的空腔内衬着由简单上皮组织制成的超薄湿膜。

While the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity depends largely on the tumor stage, HPV status is a main prognostic factor for squamous cell carcinoma in the oropharynx.

口腔细胞癌的预后，很大程度取决于肿瘤分期，而感染HPV的况则是口咽部细胞癌的一个主要预后因素。

Squamous cells are flat. Their name means " scale, " and they look kind of squished, like fish scales.

细胞是扁平的。它们的名字的意思是“片”，它们看起来有点压扁了，就像鱼一样。

In your mouth, in your esophagus, and at the other end of things, at your anus, you have stratified squamous epithelial tissue, just like your epidermis, to help resist the abrasive action of like, chewing, like corn chips, maybe.

在你的嘴里，在你的食道里，在东西的另一端，在你的肛门里，你有分的上皮组织，就像你的表皮一样，帮助抵抗研磨作用，比如咀嚼，比如玉米片，也许。

Over time, just like with squamous cell carcinoma, mutations might accumulate in either tumor suppressor genes or proto-oncogenes that control the division of these metaplastic cells, ultimately resulting in a malignant tumor.

长此以往，和食管癌一样，抑癌基因和原癌基因会积累一系列，那些控制着化生细胞的细胞周期的基因最终会导致恶性肿瘤。

And so if indeed there is something that can reduce the risk of basal and squamous cell carcinomas, that may be a rationale for taking it.

因此， 如果确实存在某种能降低基底细胞癌和细胞癌风险的方法，那么采用它或许是有道理的。

And I think to everyone's surprise, it was a squamous cell carcinoma, which is also a slow growing cancer.

而且令所有人惊讶的是，那竟是一种细胞癌，这也是一种生长缓慢的癌症。

Metaplasia refers to the replacement of one mature cell type with another mature cell type: for example, squamous metaplasia of the respiratory columnar epithelium - as evidenced by the metaplastic cough of a smoker.

化生是指一种成熟细胞类型被另一种类型的成熟细胞替代。例如，呼吸柱上皮的化生由吸烟者的化生咳嗽证明。