But using Koyama's record, they could precisely follow specific sunspots and clusters through that journey.

但利用小山的记录，这一过程中，研究人员可以准确跟踪特定的黑子或黑子群。

What are sunspots and why are they dark?

什么是黑子，为什么它们是黑色的?

The least sunspots in an 11-year period is considered solar minimum, while the most sunspot signifies the solar maximum.

黑子数量最少的11年时被认为是活动极小，而黑子数量最多的时则代表活动极大。

Around the edges of sunspots, the magnetic field lines are concentrated.

黑子的边缘，磁线是集中的。

This creates a bright rim around sunspots called faculae (Latin for “little torch”).

这就黑子周围形成了一圈亮边，被称为光斑（拉丁的意思是“小火炬”）。

The areas of the strongest fields coincide exactly with the position of sunspots.

磁场最强的部位正好就是黑子的位置。

At the beginning of a cycle the jet stream is found, like sunspots, in mid-latitudes.

一个活动周开始的时候，就可以找到高速气流，像中纬度地区的黑子。

Ironically, sunspots actually increase the energy output of the Sun.

具有讽刺意味的是，黑子实际上增加了的能量输出。

What results are relatively dark blemishes on the solar surface called " sunspots" .

结果表面形成了黑斑，称为“黑子”。

This cycle can be visibly measured by an increase and decrease of sunspots on its surface.

这个周可以通过表面黑子的增减来进行明确测量。

" A direct measure of solar activity is the number of sunspots on the surface, " Reinhold said.

" 活动的一个直接测量方法是表面的黑子数量，" 莱因霍尔德说。

The second study which suggests something odd is happening looked at the strengths of sunspots.

表明奇怪的事情正发生的第二项研究检查了黑子的活。

An absence of sunspots also means an absence of solar flares and their more violent siblings, coronal mass ejections.

缺少黑子也意味着耀斑以及它们更强烈的同胞-日冕物质抛射的不存。

And the newer one also uses a secret formula based on mathematics, astronomy, sunspots, tides and the Earth's position.

它也使用了秘密公式，基于数学、学、黑子、潮汐和地球位置。

They also worked out that the latitude of this wind is related to the sunspot cycle.

他们还计算出这次风的纬度和黑子的活动周相关。

Sunspots are caused by irruptions into its surface of the sun's deeper magnetism.

黑子是由入侵活动进入深层磁性表面造成的。

These flares typically emanate from the vicinity of sunspots and can travel all the way to Earth's atmosphere.

这些耀斑通常黑子附近爆发，并可以一路直冲地球大气层。

Sunspots are only dark in relation to the bright material around them.

黑子的暗只不过是对应着周围明亮的物质而言。

Galileo was one the first modern scientists to observe sunspots.

伽利略是现代第一个观察黑子的科学家。

Not only does the Sun rotate, but sunspots themselves can actually spin like hurricanes on the solar surface.

不仅旋转，而且黑子自身也会像飓风一样的表面旋转。