Don McCullin's unsparing portraits from war zones, or the dangling body-harness of a thalidomide child.

唐·麦卡林对战争地区的无情描绘，或者萨利多胺儿童悬在空中的身体吊带。

And molecules like thalidomide are the same way.

像萨力多胺这样的分子也是如此。

The Australian Prime Minister has issued a formal apology for the " thalidomide tragedy" sixty years ago.

澳大利亚总理就 60 年前的“海豹胎（反应停）事件”发表正式道歉。

What researchers didn't know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

那时的研究员们不知道萨力多胺分子有两个变体。

By 1961, Lenz had proven the link between thalidomide and the birth defects, and it was pulled from the shelves.

1961年，Lenz证明萨力多胺与先天性陷之间的联系，该药下架。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn't know why.

即使他们已经意是萨力多胺的问题，但那时的科学家仍然不清楚中原因。

Thalidomide, widely used by pregnant women, caused severe birth defects.

反应停，曾广泛用于孕妇，却导致严重的出生陷。

And this is basically what happened with thalidomide.

这基本上就是沙利度胺事件的经过。

In November 1961, thalidomide was pulled from the German market.

1961年11月，反应停从德国市场下架。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn’t know why.

尽管他们现在意沙利度胺是个问题， 但科学家们仍然不知道原因。

But it turns out that thalidomide's R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事证明，萨力多胺中的R对映体在人体内还是可以转换成S变体。

What researchers didn’t know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

当时研究人员不知道的是沙利度胺分子际上有两个版本。

As public awareness of the Thalidomide tragedy grew, the quiet scientist became a media sensation.

随着反应停悲剧的公众认知度提升，这位低调的科学家成为媒体关注的焦点。

Okay, so when she was given the case of thalidomide, she felt like there was something suspicious about it.

好的， 当她接沙利度胺的案件时，她感觉中有些可疑之处。

In thalidomide, for example, the chiral center is a carbon atom attached to one of the rings.

例如在萨力多胺中，手性中心是一个吸附在一个结构环上的碳原子。

Also, we have, it's crazy because we have talked about thalidomide a lot, but never directly.

此外，说来也怪，我们虽然多次提及沙利度胺，却从未直接讨论过它。

We're gonna talk about Food dye, thalidomide, and revisit cold medicine.

我们将讨论食品色素、沙利度胺，并重新审视感冒药。

But in 1998, the FDA did approve thalidomide, almost forty years after rejecting it based on the birth defect problems.

但1998年，在由于先天性陷问题而被禁的近40年后，食品及药物管理局的确批准萨力多胺的使用。

But it turns out that thalidomide’s R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事证明，沙利度胺的 R 对映异构体际上可以在人体内转换为 S 版本。

In 1960, the FDA appointed Kelsey to review a drug called thalidomide, which proved effective in reducing nausea in pregnant women.

1960年， 美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）任命凯尔西审查一种名为沙利度胺的药物，该药被证明能有效缓解孕妇的恶心症状。