Don McCullin's unsparing portraits from war zones, or the dangling body-harness of a thalidomide child.

唐·麦卡林对战争地区的无情描绘，或者萨儿童悬在空中的身体吊带。

The pharmaceutical company Gruenenthal produced thalidomide in the 1950s and 60s to help pregnant women suffering from morning sickness. With the details, here is Mike Wooldridge.

制药公司Gruenenthal于五六十年代生产了萨立来帮助孕妇免于晨吐。麦克·沃特里报道。

The apology came as the chief executive of the Gruenenthal Group Harald Stock unveiled a bronze statue symbolising a boy born without a limbs because of thalidomide.

Gruenenthal集团总裁哈拉尔·司克揭开一座象征因萨立出生时就缺少四肢的男孩铜像，然后对此事表示道歉。

In thalidomide, for example, the chiral center is a carbon atom attached to one of the rings.

例如在萨力中，手性中心是一吸附在一结构环上的碳原子。

The Australian Prime Minister has issued a formal apology for the " thalidomide tragedy" sixty years ago.

澳总理就 60 年前的“海豹胎（反应停）事件”发表正式道歉。

The Australian prime minister has issued a formal apology for the thalidomide tragedy 60 years ago, calling it one of the darkest chapters in the country's medical history.

澳总理就60年前的沙度悲剧发表正式道歉，称这是该国医疗史上最黑暗的篇章之一。

But in 1998, the FDA did approve thalidomide, almost forty years after rejecting it based on the birth defect problems.

但1998年，在由于先天性缺陷问题被禁的近40年后，食品及药物管理局的确批准了萨力的使用。

Thalidomide, which is made up of three connected rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms, plus some oxygen and hydrogen, is what's known as a chiral molecule.

萨力，由三碳原子和氮原子的连接环以及一些氧和氢组成，也被称为手性分子。

What researchers didn't know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

那时的研究员们不知道萨力分子其实有两变体。

By 1961, Lenz had proven the link between thalidomide and the birth defects, and it was pulled from the shelves.

到1961年，Lenz证明了萨力与先天性缺陷之间的联系，该药下架。

And molecules like thalidomide are the same way.

像萨力这样的分子也是如此。

But it turns out that thalidomide's R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，萨力中的R对映体在人体内还是可以转换成S变体。

In November 1961, thalidomide was pulled from the German market.

1961年11月，反应停从德国市场下架。

And this is basically what happened with thalidomide.

这基本上就是沙度事件的经过。

Because in the progressive era, you have the FDA, but the powers are much more restricted than the modern FDA until there's a leap in the early 30s and another leap in the 60s after thalidomide.

因为在进步时代，虽然有了美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）， 但其权力远不及现代FDA， 直到30年代初和60年代“反应停” 事件后才有了两次重飞跃。

In 1961 it emerged that thalidomide, a drug introduced in some countries to relieve nausea in pregnant women, had caused birth defects in at least 10,000 children worldwide.

1961年， 有消息称，一种在某些国家用于缓解孕妇恶心症状的药物——沙度，已导致全球至少1万名儿童出现出生缺陷。

I know, but thalidomide or whatever, all these things that went really haywire, they did a good job, but people are scared.

我知道， 但像沙度或其他类似药物，这些出了问题的药物，它们在研发时做得不错， 只是人们对此感到害怕。

But it turns out that thalidomide’s R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，沙度的 R 对映异构体实际上可以在人体内转换为 S 版本。

Okay, so when she was given the case of thalidomide, she felt like there was something suspicious about it.

好的， 当她接到沙度的案件时，她感觉其中有些可疑之处。

As public awareness of the Thalidomide tragedy grew, the quiet scientist became a media sensation.

随着反应停悲剧的公众认知度提升，这位低调的科学家成为了媒体关注的焦点。