Don McCullin's unsparing portraits from war zones, or the dangling body-harness of a thalidomide child.

唐·麦卡林对战争地区的无情描绘，或者萨利儿童悬的身体吊带。

In thalidomide, for example, the chiral center is a carbon atom attached to one of the rings.

例如萨，手性心是一个吸附一个结构环上的碳原子。

And molecules like thalidomide are the same way.

像萨这样的分子也是如此。

But in 1998, the FDA did approve thalidomide, almost forty years after rejecting it based on the birth defect problems.

但1998年，由于先天性缺陷问题而被禁的近40年后，食品及药物管理局的确批准了萨的使用。

Merrell executives complained that stubborn and nit-picking Kelsey was the problem, not thalidomide.

Merrell 的高管们抱怨说，执和吹毛求疵的凯尔西才是问题所，而不是沙利度。

As public awareness of the thalidomide tragedy grew, the quiet scientist became a media sensation.

随着公众对沙利度悲剧的意识增强，这位沉默寡言的科学家成了媒体的轰动人物。

Kelsey found its data on thalidomide’s absorption and toxicity inadequate.

Kelsey 发现其有关沙利度吸收和毒性的数据不足。

In November 1961, thalidomide was pulled from the German market.

1961 年 11 月，沙利度退出德国市场。

By 1961, Lenz had proven the link between thalidomide and the birth defects, and it was pulled from the shelves.

到1961年，Lenz证明了萨与先天性缺陷之间的联系，该药下架。

What researchers didn't know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

那时的研究员们不知道萨分子其实有两个变体。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn’t know why.

尽管他们现意识到沙利度是个问题， 但科学家们仍然不知道原因。

As Kelsey reviewed and rejected each new application, news of thalidomide’s adverse side effects began to surface.

当凯尔西审查并拒绝每一项新申请时，沙利度的不良副作用的消息开始浮出水面。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn't know why.

即使他们已经意识到了是萨的问题，但那时的科学家仍然不清楚其原因。

What researchers didn’t know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

当时研究人员不知道的是沙利度分子实际上有两个版本。

But it turns out that thalidomide’s R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，沙利度的 R 对映异构体实际上可以人体内转换为 S 版本。

But it turns out that thalidomide's R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，萨的R对映体人体内还是可以转换成S变体。

Meaning that even if they'd isolated 100% pure R thalidomide, it still wouldn't be safe for pregnant women.

这意味着即使他们将R萨完全隔离出来，对孕妇而言，依旧不安全。

Merrell had expected a quick, affirmative reply so it could launch thalidomide for the holiday season, when sedative sales soar.

Merrell 曾期望得到快速、肯定的答复，以便镇静剂销量飙升的假期推出沙利度。

In the case of thalidomide, scientists discovered that the R enantiomer helped with morning sickness, but the S enantiomer caused those severe birth defects.

萨，科学家发现R对映体有助于缓解晨吐，但是S对映体则会引发严重的先天缺陷。

The pharmaceutical company Gruenenthal produced thalidomide in the 1950s and 60s to help pregnant women suffering from morning sickness. With the details, here is Mike Wooldridge.

制药公司Gruenenthal于五六十年代生产了萨立来帮助孕妇免于晨吐。麦克·沃特里报道。