Unable to compete head to head with these aggressive new creatures, the therapsids by and large vanished from the record.

它们无力与种凶猛的新动物展开势均力敢的竞争，总的来说从记录中消失。

On land, there were the amphibian-like temnospondyls and early relatives of mammals called therapsids.

在陆地上，有类似两栖动物的 temnospondyls 和哺乳动物的早期近亲，称为 therapsids。

The casualties included most of the therapsids and other holdovers from the Paleozoic.

伤亡人员包括 来自古生代的大部分治疗和其他残留物。

But there was something strange about this particular therapsid.

但特殊的兽孔目动物有一些奇怪的地方。

Now, you and I are therapsids too, just so ya know, along with every mammal that's ever existed.

现在，你和我也兽孔目动物，正如你所知，以及曾存在过的每一种哺乳动物。

But a new group of synapsids was: the therapsids.

但一组新的突触动物：兽孔目动物。

Now, for more on therapsid family tree watch our episode, " When the Synapsids Struck Back" .

现在，要多关于兽孔目家族树的信息，请观看我们的剧集“当突孔目反击时”。

And second, it looks like venom might run deep in the tree of life, including within our extended family, the therapsids.

其次，看起来毒液可能深入生命之树，包括我们的大家庭兽孔类动物。

And therapsids developed a more flexible neck, a longer stride, and a more upright stance.

兽孔目动物的脖子灵活，步幅长，站姿直。

In addition to their physical adaptations, we have other evidence that therapsids were capable of basic thermoregulation.

除它们的身体适应性之外，我们还有其他证据表明兽孔目动物能够进行基本的体温调节。

And all of these traits show up in one particular group of therapsids.

所有些特征都出现在一组特定的兽孔类动物中。

While many therapsids have premolars and molars, this one didn't.

虽然许多兽孔目动物有前臼齿和臼齿，但没有。

This indicates that at least some late therapsids might have had hair—a key adaption for insulation to maintain body temperature.

表明至少一些晚期兽孔目动物可能有毛发——保持体温的绝缘体的关键适应性。

You also have hair, specialized teeth, and nasal turbinates, like some of our distant cousins, the later therapsids, had.

你也有头发、特殊的牙齿和鼻甲，就像我们的一些远亲，后来的兽孔目动物一样。

And researchers have also found hair-like structures alongside therapsid bones in the coprolites -- or fossilized poop -- of late Permian carnivores.

研究人员还在二叠纪晚期食肉动物的粪化石（或粪便化石）中发现毛发状结构和兽孔类动物的骨头。

For example, instead of having a row of teeth that were all the same size and shape, therapsids had teeth with different shapes for different functions.

例如，兽孔类动物没有一排大小和形状都相同的牙齿，而具有不同形状的牙齿以实现不同的功能。

Later carnivorous therapsids could even chew their prey rather than ripping off chunks of meat and swallowing them whole, like what reptiles and birds still do today.

后来的肉食性兽孔目动物甚至可以咀嚼猎物，而不像今天的爬行动物和鸟类那样撕下大块的肉然后将它们整吞下。

These changes indicate that therapsids had a more versatile range of motion than other land vertebrates, which made them able to move faster and more energetically.

些变化表明兽孔目动物的运动范围比其他陆地脊椎动物灵活，使它们能够移动得快、有活力。

Remember, it's a therapsid, a group of vertebrates whose oldest known members probably lived about 310 million years ago, and who became more common by the mid-Permian Period, around 270 million years ago.

请记住，它一种兽孔类动物，一群脊椎动物，已知最古老的成员可能生活在大约 3.1 亿年前，并且在大约 2.7 亿年前的二叠纪中期变得加普遍。

Along with this secondary palate, some late therapsids developed features known as nasal turbinates, which are specialized structures in the nose that help animals take in oxygen more effectively.

除种次级上颚， 一些晚期兽孔目动物还发展出被称为鼻甲骨的特征，鼻子中的特殊结构， 可以帮助动物有效地吸收氧气。