Unable to compete head to head with these aggressive new creatures, the therapsids by and large vanished from the record.

它们无力与这种凶猛的新动物展开势均力敢的竞争，总的来说从记录中消失了。

The casualties included most of the therapsids and other holdovers from the Paleozoic.

伤亡人员包括 来自古生代的大部分治疗和其他残留物。

On land, there were the amphibian-like temnospondyls and early relatives of mammals called therapsids.

在陆上，有类似两栖动物的 temnospondyls 和哺乳动物的早期近亲，称为 therapsids。

In addition to their physical adaptations, we have other evidence that therapsids were capable of basic thermoregulation.

除了它们的身体适应性之外，我们还有其他证据表明孔目动物能够进的体温调节。

While many therapsids have premolars and molars, this one didn't.

虽然许多孔目动物有前臼齿和臼齿，但这个没有。

But a new group of synapsids was: the therapsids.

但是一组新的突触动物是：孔目动物。

And all of these traits show up in one particular group of therapsids.

所有这些特征都出现在一组特定的孔类动物中。

This indicates that at least some late therapsids might have had hair—a key adaption for insulation to maintain body temperature.

这表明至少一些晚期孔目动物可能有毛发——这是保持体温的绝缘体的关键适应性。

Now, you and I are therapsids too, just so ya know, along with every mammal that's ever existed.

现在，你和我也是孔目动物，正如你所知，以及曾经存在过的每一种哺乳动物。

And researchers have also found hair-like structures alongside therapsid bones in the coprolites -- or fossilized poop -- of late Permian carnivores.

研究人员还在二叠纪晚期食肉动物的粪化石（或粪便化石）中发现了毛发状结构和孔类动物的骨头。

And therapsids developed a more flexible neck, a longer stride, and a more upright stance.

孔目动物的脖子更灵活，步幅更长，站姿更直。

But there was something strange about this particular therapsid.

但是这个特殊的孔目动物有一些奇怪的方。

You also have hair, specialized teeth, and nasal turbinates, like some of our distant cousins, the later therapsids, had.

你也有头发、特殊的牙齿和鼻甲，就像我们的一些远亲，后来的孔目动物一样。

Now, for more on therapsid family tree watch our episode, " When the Synapsids Struck Back" .

现在，要了解更多关于孔目家族树的信息，请观看我们的剧集“当突孔目反击时”。

And second, it looks like venom might run deep in the tree of life, including within our extended family, the therapsids.

其次，看起来毒液可能深入生命之树，包括我们的大家庭孔类动物。

For example, instead of having a row of teeth that were all the same size and shape, therapsids had teeth with different shapes for different functions.

例如，孔类动物没有一排大小和形状都相同的牙齿，而是具有不同形状的牙齿以实现不同的功能。

These changes indicate that therapsids had a more versatile range of motion than other land vertebrates, which made them able to move faster and more energetically.

这些变化表明孔目动物的运动范围比其他陆脊椎动物更灵活，这使它们能够移动得更快、更有活力。

These animals had the active, energetic lifestyle of other therapsids, but their small size meant they required less energy—which is important when you're trying to survive a mass extinction.

这些动物拥有其他孔类动物活跃、精力充沛的生活方式，但它们的体型小意味着它们需要的能量更少——这在你试图在大规模灭绝中幸存下来时很重要。

It's part of an extinct lineage of therapsids called the therocephalians, or the " beast heads." Which, hey, I've been called worse than that.

它是一种已灭绝的孔目动物谱系的一部分， 称为头动物，或“头” 。 哪个，嘿，我被称为比那更糟。

Later carnivorous therapsids could even chew their prey rather than ripping off chunks of meat and swallowing them whole, like what reptiles and birds still do today.

后来的肉食性孔目动物甚至可以咀嚼猎物，而不是像今天的爬动物和鸟类那样撕下大块的肉然后将它们整个吞下。