Ultimately the Portuguese monopoly on spices was upended by a Dutch spy, Jan Huygen van Linschoten, who worked as secretary for the bishop of Goa in the 1580s and copied his charts, maps and navigational secrets.
最终,荷兰间谍扬·哈伊根·范·林斯霍滕颠覆了葡萄牙对香料的垄断,他在1580年代担任印度果阿主教的秘书,复制了他的航海图、地图和导航秘密。