There are two types of vesicoureteral reflux, or VUR.

膀胱尿管反（VUR）有两种类型。

Chronic vesicoureteral reflux can cause pyelonephritis, or inflammation of the kidney, and renal scarring, or fibrosis which damages the kidney tissue.

慢性膀胱尿管反导致肾盂肾炎，即肾脏出现炎症反应，以及瘢痕肾，即肾组织因纤维化而受损。

Risk factors include urinary tract infections, as well as vesicoureteral reflux and obstructive uropathies, both of which are also risk factors for urinary tract infections.

危险因素包括尿路感染，还有膀胱尿管反和尿路梗阻，这两也是尿路感染的危险因素。

Vesicoureteral reflux is usually classified by severity - grade I through V, depending on how far urine refluxes back up into the urinary tract.

膀胱尿管反根据严重程度分为1-5级，严重程度依据尿液反的程度进行衡量。

Primary vesicoureteral reflux is usually due to a short ureter, while secondary vesicoureteral reflux is usually due to a blockage in the urinary tract.

原发性膀胱尿管反，多尿管短小；而继发性膀胱尿管反，多尿路中存在阻塞。

Secondary vesicoureteral reflux is most commonly caused by recurrent urinary tract infections, which can cause inflammation in the ureters making them swell up and close.

继发性膀胱尿管反，最常见反复的尿路感染；炎症反应会引起尿管肿胀和闭塞。

Vesicoureteral reflux can be diagnosed with an abdominal ultrasound, which can detect blockages in flow of urine and swelling in the ureters or kidneys.

膀胱尿管反通过腹部超声检查确诊，检测到尿液动阻塞，以及尿管和肾的肿胀。

As a child grows, the ureter gets longer and the function of the valve improves, so primary vesicoureteral reflux sometimes improves or disappears over time.

随着婴幼儿的成长，尿管变长，瓣膜的功也有所改善，因此，原发性膀胱尿管反随时间改善，甚至消失。

The vesicoureteral orifice is the one-way valve that allows urine to flow from each ureter into the bladder, but not in the reverse direction.

膀胱尿管口是一个单向通道，允许尿液从每个尿管进入膀胱，但不逆。

In vesicoureteral reflux, there is some obstruction in that path which causes pressure to build up and a current of urine actually pushes backward from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys.

膀胱尿管反中，尿路存在阻碍，导致膀胱中压力升高，尿液受压从膀胱逆至尿管再到肾。

Alright, as a quick recap, vesicoureteral reflux is a condition where pressure in the urinary outflow tract increases and urine gets pushed back up into the ureters or kidneys.

得！快速复习一下：膀胱尿管反是指一种尿路压力增高导致尿液在压力作用下逆至尿管或肾的疾病。

All right, as a quick recap: acute pyelonephritis is typically a bacterial infection of the upper urinary tract, which usually develops from a lower urinary tract infection, especially in individuals with vesicoureteral reflux.

得！快速回顾一下：急性肾盂肾炎是一种典型的上尿路细菌感染，通常下尿路感染发展而来，尤其在膀胱尿管反患中。