An artificial version was developed in the late 1980s to treat anaemia.

20世纪80年代晚期科学家曾发明一人工促细胞生成素用于治疗贫血症。

The kidney also secretes the hormone erythropoietin which stimulates the production of red blood cells from the bone marrow.

肾也会分泌促细胞生成素，后者能刺激骨髓产生细胞。

In chronic kidney disease, erythropoietin levels fall and this leads to lowered production of red blood cells, and ultimately anemia.

慢性肾病中，促细胞生成素水平降低，这细胞产生减少，最终贫血。

Meanwhile, the kidneys make more erythropoietin, a hormone that increases red blood cell production.

同时，肾脏会产生更多的促细胞生成素，这是一增加细胞生成的激素。

The same hope underlies the use of the banned drug erythropoietin (EPO).

使用禁用药物促细胞生成素 (EPO) 也承载着同样的希。

So they're not getting as much EPO stimulation through the transdermal.

，他们通过透皮方式获得的促细胞生成素（EPO）刺激不足。

Steroids, erythropoietin (EPO) and newer, less familiar performance-enhancing drugs (PEDS) will have bulked their muscles, enriched their blood and allowed them to train harder than unenhanced humans would find possible.

类固醇、促细胞生成素(EPO)和更新的、不太为人所知的提高体能的药物(PEDDS)能够让服用者的肌肉更加强健，血液更加丰富，如他们就能够比普通人类更加努力地训练。

RBCs are produced in the bone marrow, in response to erythropoietin - which is a molecule secreted by the kidneys in response to low levels of oxygen in the blood.

细胞（RBC）在促细胞生成素的刺激下于骨髓中生成；促细胞生成素是肾脏应对血液中的低氧水平而分泌的一分子。

Yeah, there's certain stuff that you can take, like EPO, that's very short lasting, very difficult to test, very short lasting.

是的，有些东西你可以服用，比如EPO（促细胞生成素）， 它的效果持续时间很短，很难检测，而且持续时间非常短暂。

The kidneys regulate our levels of red blood cells through the release of erythropoietin, a hormone which causes marrow to increase production.

肾脏通过释放促细胞生成素来调节细胞水平，这激素能促使骨髓增加细胞的生成。

As with EPO, says Dr Tucker, the idea is to improve the all-important power-to-weight ratio- but by tinkering with the " weight" side of the equation instead of the " power" side.

塔克博士表示，与促细胞生成素一样，这方法的目的是提高能量体重比，这至关重要——不过是在等式的“重量”一侧而不是“能量”一侧进行修补。

Intravenous iron therapy can sometimes be useful, and when hemoglobin levels fall below 7 grams per deciliter, transfusions with packed RBCs, or erythropoietic agents like epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa may be given to improve symptoms.

静脉注射铁剂有时也有用，当血蛋白水平降至7g/dL以下时，可以输注细胞或用细胞生成剂，如阿法依泊汀（促细胞生成素）、阿法达贝泊汀来改善症状。

He admitted that doping helped him for each of his seven Tour de France wins, by using EPO, human growth hormone, and diuretics. He also admitted to falsifying documents saying he passed drug tests, according to media reports.

据媒体报道，他承认在每次环法自行车赛胜利中都使用了促细胞生成素（EPO）、人类生长激素和利尿剂。他还承认伪造文件称自己通过了药检。

And this is usually done with either blood transfusions, using your own blood, or by injecting yourself with erythropoietin, a molecule that stimulates the production of more red blood cells.

这通常通过输血、使用自己的血液或给自己注射促细胞生成素来完成，促细胞生成素是一刺激更多细胞产生的分子。