These molecules are smaller than the wavelength of light, which means that we can never see them directly, even with the best light microscopes.

这些分子比光波长还小，也就是说，我们永远不可能直接看见它们，即使用最先进光学也做不到。

On light microscopy, there'll often be mesangial proliferation, or expansion of the mesangium, and upon getting a closer look with electron microscopy, there'll be immune complexes deposited within the mesangium.

光学，常常可见系膜增生或系膜扩张，进一步电观察，可见免疫复合物沉积于系膜上。

It's also too tiny to be seen with a light microscope, so to visualize it, you need a darkfield microscope with use of immunofluorescence is required.

这种细菌也因为体型太细而难以在光学像，所以为了能够看见钩端螺旋体，人们需要使用暗视野以及荧光染色剂。

We start our investigations at a very small magnification, which is equivalent to the highest magnification, which you can actually reach with a light microscope.

我们从一个很小倍率开始我们研究，这相当于你用光学能达到最高倍率。

The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals.

16世纪，光学发明成功，此项发明揭开了人们对未知动植物了解。

He designed his own light microscope, which used multiple glass lenses to light and magnify specimens.

他设计了自己光学，使用多个玻璃透来照亮和标本。

This image was taken with a light microscope.

这张图片是用光学拍摄。

During the 19th century, huge medical progress was made possible by the light microscope.

在19世纪，光学使得医学取得了巨进步。

They incorporate optical sectioning using high-resolution confocal microscopy.

他们采用高分辨率共聚焦进行光学切片。

An optical microscope, with a typical resolution of about 250 nanometres, can then produce images of individual elements within cells that are, in reality, only 60 nanometres in width.

典型分辨率约为 250 纳米光学可以生成细胞内单个元素图像，而实际上这些元素宽度仅为 60 纳米。

They monitored changes in these cracks under increasing pressure using optical and electron microscopes And found that the cracks barely grew until the force used exceed 500 Newtons.

他们使用光学和电子监测这些裂纹在不断增加压力变化，并发现直到施加力量超过500牛顿时，裂纹才开始明增长。

For centuries, scientists have been limited by the fact that optical microscopes couldn't achieve a resolution smaller than 0.2 micrometers, or half the wavelength of visible light.

几个世纪以来， 光学无法达到小于 0.2 米（ 或可见光波长一半） 分辨率这一事实限制了科学家们。

So maybe this sounds like a super stupid question, but why can't you just use a regular light  microscope to take a picture of a protein?

这或许听起来是个极其愚蠢问题，但为何不能用普通光学来拍摄蛋白质图像呢？

These vital components of life are too small to be seen by the naked eye, or even by a light microscope.

生命中这些重要组分小到肉眼甚至光学都无法看见。

Even the best light microscopes can't see anything much smaller than about 200 nm, because, well, light can't really interact with something smaller than its wavelength.

即使是最好光学也无法看见小于 200 纳米任何东西，因为光实际上无法与小于其波长物体相互作用。

But they still have their limits—modern optical microscopes cannot image structures smaller in size than the wavelength of visible light, or a few hundred nanometres.

但它们仍有其局限性——现代光学无法对尺寸小于可见光波长或几百纳米结构进行成像。

When we zoom in on its wing using a light microscope, we see that it's composed of tiny overlapping scales.

当我们用光学其翅膀时，可以看到它是由许多小重叠鳞片组成。

Well-differentiated tumors with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma morphology can be diagnosed by routine light microscopy, without the need for IHC.

具有腺癌或鳞状细胞癌形态分化良好肿瘤可以通过常规光学进行诊断，而不需要 IHC。