Excitatory neurons use glutamate, well inhibitory neurons use GABA.

兴奋性元使用谷氨酸，抑制性元使用伽玛氨基丁酸。

If medications are prescribed, typically the first-line options are stimulants.

如果使用药物治疗，一线选择一般是精兴奋性药物。

Excitatory neurons, for example, get excited and send signals to other neurons to fire.

比如说，兴奋性元被激活后，就会将信号传送到其他元产生兴奋。

The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is glutamate.

主要的兴奋性递质为谷氨酸。

Excitatory neurotransmitters depolarize the postsynaptic neuron by making the inside of it more positive and bringing it closer to its action potential threshold, making it more likely to fire that message on to the next neuron.

兴奋性递质通过使突触后元内更加积极并使其更接近其动作电阈值来去极化突触后元，使其更有可能将该信息发送到下一个元。

Cell death might be related to excitotoxicity – which is excessive signaling of these neurons, which leads to high intracellular calcium.

元细胞死亡可能与兴奋性毒性有关，即这元细胞接受过度信号传递，引起细胞内钙离子浓度升高。

To do that, they needed to test how the filopodia responded to glutamate, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter.

要做到这一点，他们需要测试树突丝对谷氨酸的反应，谷氨酸也就是大主要的兴奋性递质。

Since it's thought that low levels of neurotransmitters are involved in ADHD, stimulants are used because they tend to increase the number of neurotransmitters, like dopamine, between neurons, therefore reducing symptoms.

由于人们认为ADHD与递质水平较低有关，所以治疗常常使用精兴奋性药物，因为他们可以增加元之间递质（如多巴胺）的含量从而减轻症状。

Some neurotransmitters bind to the receptors and tell the cell to open up the ion channels and relay an electrical message, and these are called excitatory neurotransmitters.

有递质可与受体结合，使细胞打开离子通道，以此来传递电信号，这种递质叫兴奋性递质。

Keep in mind here: Any region of a single neuron may have hundreds of synapses, each with different inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitters.

单个元的任何区域都可能有数百个突触，每个突触都有不同的抑制或兴奋性递质。

Excitatory neurotransmitters, like glutamate, bind to the receptors on neurons and tell them to open up ion channels and relay an electrical signal.

兴奋性递质（如谷氨酸）与元上的受体结合，告诉它们打开离子通道并传递电信号。

Vocal variation adds excitement and emphasis to speech.

声音的变化增加了讲话的兴奋性和强调性。

Because it slows you down and relaxes you, and it decreases more excitatory neurotransmitters.

因为它让你减缓速度、放松身心，并减少更多的兴奋性递质。

It's all these inhibitory and excitatory messages that are forming memories.

正是这抑制性和兴奋性的信息在形成记忆。

It blocks, partly the release of those excitatory amino acids, glutamate.

它分阻断了那兴奋性氨基酸，谷氨酸的释放。

Some researchers suspect that this deficiency takes the breaks off glutamates excitery activity thus stimulating things like repetitive behavior documents money and then his colleagues produced evidence supporting this idea.

一研究人员怀疑这种缺乏会解除谷氨酸兴奋性活动的刹车，从而刺激重复行为、刻板行为等。随后，他的同事提供了支持这一观点的证据。

These--Again, the chemicals could excite the other neuron (excitatory) bring up the chances it will fire, or inhibit the other neuron (inhibitory).

这——同样，这化学物质可能会激发另一个元（兴奋性），从而增加它发射的机会，或者抑制另一个元（抑制性）。

Yeah, you feel better when you take it because you're pushing something we didn't even talk about yet, which is excitatory neurotransmitters.

是的，服用后感觉更好， 是因为你在促进一种我们尚未讨论的东西，那就是兴奋性递质。 就像你在提升肾上腺素和多巴胺的水平一样。

Alternatively, it is possible that ketamine exerts its effects by decreasing excitation in regions whose activity promotes depressive-like phenotypes.

另一种可能是，氯胺酮通过降低那活动会促进类似抑郁表型区域的兴奋性来发挥其作用。

MONICA MURPHY: Well, excitotoxicity— and this is tricky stuff, and it's controversial.

莫妮卡·墨菲：嗯，兴奋性毒性——这是一个棘手的问题，而且是有争议的。