Are you born to a noble family or to a family of peasants and serfs?

你出生个贵族家庭，还是个民或者奴家庭？

The book only occasionally touches on the lives of the vast majority of the Russian population, who were peasants, or even serfs, farmers bound to serve the owners of the land on which they lived.

书中只是偶尔涉及到俄罗斯的普通大众，其中包括民，奴，这些人当时不得不为地主服务。

They advance against that standard, rather than the pestilence, beggary and injustice of serfdom.

他们按照这个标准发展，而不是将对抗瘟疫、贫困和奴制的不公定为发展的方向。

Chekhov was born in 1860. His paternal grandfather had been a serf.

契诃夫出生于1860年 祖父曾是奴。

In the feudal system, serfs were bound to the land and were essentially owned by their masters.

封建制度下，奴受制于土地，基本上归主人所有。

It was delicate embroidery if company were present, but at other times her hands were occupied with Gerald's ruffled shirts, the girls' dresses or garments for the slaves.

有客人场时，她手里是精巧的刺绣，别的时候则是缝制杰拉尔德的衬衫、女孩子的衣裳或奴们的衣服。

As a boy, Dostoyevsky had spent the summer at his family's home in the country and he had become friends with the serfs.

还是孩子的时候，陀思妥耶夫斯基曾乡下的家里暑，与那里的奴成了朋友。

So far, the Romanov's had been competent but not brilliant, keeping the Boyars in line, avoiding aggressive wars, and not actively offending the peasantry.

今，罗曼诺夫族仅仅是有能力，却毫无闪光点，他们与波雅尔贵族，免了大规模的战争，也不主动冒犯奴。

Ask why property rights are weak and you may be taken further back, to the end of serfdom in 1861.

询问为什么财产权如此脆弱，你可能会被带回到1861年奴制结束的时候。

Historians see enormous political and economic impacts. Worker shortages gave serfs more bargaining power and hastened the end of feudalism.

历史学家看到了巨大的政治和经济影响。工人短缺给奴们更多的议价能力，加速了封建主义的终结。

When Catherine realized her core support came from those same landlords, she did an about-face and actually increased serfdom.

当凯瑟琳意识到她的核心支持者来自这些地主时，她做了个大转变，反而加重了奴制。

The country's 8 million serfs would be considered people.

这个国家的 800 万奴将被视为人民。

You could gamble serfs, real people.

你可以押上奴。

Aided by the unscrupulous adventurers who operated the Freedmen's Bureau and urged on by a fervor of Northern hatred almost religious in its fanaticism, the former field hands found themselves suddenly elevated to the seats of the mighty.

原先的奴，主持" 自由人局" 的那帮狂妄冒险家的支持下，加上北方那种近乎宗教狂热的炽烈仇恨的怂恿，现发现自己突然青云直上身居要职了。

Her neighbor Lopakhin, a former serf, encourages her to chop down the orchard and divide the estate into parcels for middle-class people to build summer homes.

她的曾经是奴的邻居劳帕金鼓励她砍掉果园 把庄园分成小块用来给中产阶级建造暑别墅。

This breakdown of serfdom and feudalism was followed by social unrest and rebellions when the aristocracy tried to fight the demands of the workers.

奴制和封建制度的崩溃，随之而来的是社会动荡和叛乱，贵族试图反抗工人的要求。

They also wanted the serfs to be free.

还主张给奴自由。

Gerald was disappointed, for he had wanted a son, but he nevertheless was pleased enough over his small black-haired daughter to serve rum to every slave at Tara and to get roaringly, happily drunk himself.

杰拉尔德感到有点失望，因为他想要个儿子，不过他还是很喜欢这个黑头发的女儿，高高兴兴地请塔拉场的每个奴都喝了酒，自己也乐得喝了个酩酊大醉。

Those serfs were basically slaves, tied to the land and they were owned by local landlords.

那些奴基本上是奴隶，被束缚土地上，归当地地主所有。

But, at the same time, she'd failed in her goal to abolish serfdom, just as she'd failed to institute reforms that improved life for the 95% of the population who lived outside the cities.

但与此同时，她未能实现废除奴制的目标，就像她未能实施改善 95% 居住城市以外人口生活的改革样。